Measures of national income and output

A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI adjusted for natural resource depletion – also called as NNI at factor cost). All are specially concerned with counting the total amount of goods and services produced within the economy and by various sectors. The boundary is usually defined by geography or citizenship, and it is also defined as the total income of the nation and also restrict the goods and services that are counted. For instance, some measures count only goods & services that are exchanged for money, excluding bartered goods, while other measures may attempt to include bartered goods by imputing monetary values to them. National accounts Arriving at a figure for the total production of goods and services in a large region like a country entails a large amount of data-collection and calculation. Although some attempts were made to estimate national incomes as long ago as the 17th century, the systematic keeping of national accounts, of which these figures are a part, only began in the 1930s, in the United States and some European countries. The impetus for that major statistical effort was the Great Depression and the rise of Keynesian economics, which prescribed a greater role for the government in managing an economy, and made it necessary for governments to obtain accurate information so that their interventions into the economy could proceed as well-informed as possible. Market value In order to count a good or service, it is necessary to assign value to it. The value that the measures of national income and output assign to a good or service is its market value – the price it fetches when bought or sold. The actual usefulness of a product (its use-value) is not measured – assuming the use-value to be any different from its market value.

Continuous Simulation Data Stream: A dynamical timescale-dependent output scheme for simulations

Loïc Hausammann, Matthieu Schaller

Exa-scale simulations are on the horizon but almost no new design for the output has been proposed in recent years. In simulations using individual time steps, the traditional snapshots are over resolving particles/cells with large time steps and are under ...

ELSEVIER2022

Optical computing and reconfiguring with spatiotemporal nonlinearities in waveguides

Demetri Psaltis, Christophe Moser, Ugur Tegin

A device for optical computing comprises at least one modulator (210, 710, 810, 910, 1010, 1110, 1210, 1310, 1410, 1520, 1610, 1710, 1810, 1910, 2010, 2110, 2210) and at least one waveguide (220, 720, 820, 920, 1020, 1120, 1220, 1320, 1420, 1530, 1620, 172 ...

2022

Measures of national income and output

Continuous Simulation Data Stream: A dynamical timescale-dependent output scheme for simulations

Optical computing and reconfiguring with spatiotemporal nonlinearities in waveguides

Considerations of the Impacts of Cell-Specific Growth and Production Rate on Clone Selection-A Simulation Study

Considerations of the Impacts of Cell-Specific Growth and Production Rate on Clone Selection-A Simulation Study

Continuous Simulation Data Stream: A dynamical timescale-dependent output scheme for simulations

Optical computing and reconfiguring with spatiotemporal nonlinearities in waveguides