Cetacean surfacing behaviour is a grouping of movement types that cetaceans make at the water's surface in addition to breathing. Cetaceans have developed and use surface behaviours for many functions such as display, feeding and communication. All regularly observed members of the order Cetacea, including whales, dolphins and porpoises, show a range of surfacing behaviours. Cetacea is usually split into two suborders, Odontoceti and Mysticeti, based on the presence of teeth or baleen plates in adults respectively. However, when considering behaviour, Cetacea can be split into whales (cetaceans more than 10 m long such as sperm and most baleen whales) and dolphins and porpoises (all Odontocetes less than 10 m long including orca) as many behaviours are correlated with size. Although some behaviours such as spyhopping, logging and lobtailing occur in both groups, others such as bow riding or peduncle throws are exclusive to one or the other. It is these energetic behaviours that humans observe most frequently, which has resulted in a large amount of scientific literature on the subject and a popular tourism industry.
File:HIHWNMS - spinner dolphin (33304904555).jpg|[[Spinner dolphin]] spinner-breaching off [[Hawaii]]
File:Anim1091 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|Humpback whale spinner-breaching
File:Bowhead-1 Kate Stafford edit (16272151841).jpg|[[Bowhead whale]] side-head-slapping
File:Eschrichtius robustus 01.jpg|[[Gray whale]] head-slapping
File:Baleia de Bryde.jpg|[[Bryde's whale]] head-slapping
File:Uma Baleia Anã nos Açores..jpg|[[Northern minke whale]] breaching off [[Azores]]
File:Physeter macrocephalus jumping.jpg|[[Sperm whale]] breaching off Azores
File:Dwarf sperm whale (NOAA Pitman).jpg|[[Dwarf sperm whale]] breaching
File:Sowerby's beaked whale.jpg|[[Sowerby's beaked whale]] breaching
File:Arnoux's beaked whale in Antarctica.jpg|[[Arnoux's beaked whale]] breaching in [[Antarctica]]
File:Killerwhales jumping.jpg|[[Orca]]s double-breaching off the south side of [[Unimak Island]], [[Alaska]]
File:Anim1772 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.
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The southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) is a baleen whale, one of three species classified as right whales belonging to the genus Eubalaena. Southern right whales inhabit oceans south of the Equator, between the latitudes of 20° and 60° south. In 2009 the global population was estimated to be approximately 13,600. Right whales were first classified in the genus Balaena in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus, who at the time considered all right whales (including the bowhead) to be a single species.
The toothed whales (also called odontocetes, systematic name Odontoceti) are a parvorder of cetaceans that includes dolphins, porpoises, and all other whales possessing teeth, such as the beaked whales and sperm whales. 73 species of toothed whales are described. They are one of two living groups of cetaceans, the other being the baleen whales (Mysticeti), which have baleen instead of teeth. The two groups are thought to have diverged around 34 million years ago (mya). Toothed whales range in size from the and vaquita to the and sperm whale.
The dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) is a dolphin found in coastal waters in the Southern Hemisphere. Its specific epithet is Latin for "dark" or "dim". It is very closely genetically related to the Pacific white-sided dolphin, but current scientific consensus holds they are distinct species. The dolphin's range is patchy, with major populations around South America, southwestern Africa, New Zealand, and various oceanic islands, with some sightings around southern Australia and Tasmania.
Background All behaviour requires energy, and measuring energy expenditure in standard units (joules) is key to linking behaviour to ecological processes. Animal-borne accelerometers are commonly used to infer proxies of energy expenditure, termed 'dynamic ...
Humpback whales, like other polar wildlife, accumulate persistent organic pollutants. In Southern hemisphere populations, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dominates the contaminant profiles. HCB is linked to a variety of health effects and is classified as a group ...
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY2019
Private households account for more than half of the demand addressed to the transport sector. We propose an analytical framework to describe transitions in transport behaviour across cases and to identify their respective drivers. With this, we aim to bet ...