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Concept
Programming by demonstration
Summary
In computer science, programming by demonstration (PbD) is an end-user development technique for teaching a computer or a robot new behaviors by demonstrating the task to transfer directly instead of programming it through machine commands.
The terms programming by example (PbE) and programming by demonstration (PbD) appeared in software development research as early as the mid 1980s to define a way to define a sequence of operations without having to learn a programming language. The usual distinction in literature between these terms is that in PbE the user gives a prototypical product of the computer execution, such as a row in the desired results of a query; while in PbD the user performs a sequence of actions that the computer must repeat, generalizing it to be used in different data sets.
These two terms were first undifferentiated, but PbE then tended to be mostly adopted by software development researchers while PbD tended to be adopted by robotics researchers. Today, PbE refers to an entirely different concept, supported by new programming languages that are similar to simulators. This framework can be contrasted with Bayesian program synthesis.
The PbD paradigm is first attractive to the robotics industry due to the costs involved in the development and maintenance of robot programs. In this field, the operator often has implicit knowledge on the task to achieve (he/she knows how to do it), but does not have usually the programming skills (or the time) required to reconfigure the robot. Demonstrating how to achieve the task through examples thus allows to learn the skill without explicitly programming each detail.
The first PbD strategies proposed in robotics were based on teach-in, guiding or play-back methods that consisted
basically in moving the robot (through a dedicated interface or manually) through a set of relevant configurations that the robot
should adopt sequentially (position, orientation, state of the gripper). The method was then progressively ameliorated by
focusing principally on the teleoperation control and by using different interfaces such as vision.
Official source
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