The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to botany:
Botany – biological discipline which involves the study of plants.
Bud
Cell wall
Chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Flora
Flower
Fruit
Forest
Leaf
Meristem
Photosynthesis
Plant
Plant cell
Pollen
Seed
Seedling
Spore
Tree
Vine
Wood
Branches of botany
Agronomy
Bryology (mosses and liverworts)
Dendrology (woody plants)
Ethnobotany
Lichenology (lichens)
Mycology (fungi)
Paleobotany
Palynology (spores and pollen)
Phycology (algae)
Phytosociology
Plant anatomy
Plant ecology
Plant evolution
Plant morphology
Plant pathology
Plant physiology
Plant taxonomy
Pteridology (ferns)
History of botany
History of plant systematics
Algae
Cyanobacteria
Brown algae
Charophyta
Chlorophyta
Desmid
Diatom
Red algae
Green algae
Bryophytes
Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)
Bryophyta (mosses)
Marchantiophyta (liverworts)
Pteridophytes
Lycopodiophyta (club mosses)
Pteridophyta (ferns & horsetails)
Rhyniophyta (early plants)
Gymnosperms
Pteridospermatophyta (seed "ferns")
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
Pinophyta (conifers)
Angiosperms
Dicotyledon
Asteraceae (sunflower family)
Cactaceae (cactus family)
Fabaceae (legume family)
Lamiaceae (mint family)
Rosaceae (rose family)
Monocotyledon
Araceae (arum family)
Arecaceae (palm family)
Iridaceae (iris family)
Orchidaceae (orchid family)
Poaceae (grass family)
List of culinary fruits
List of edible seeds
List of culinary herbs and spices
List of culinary nuts
List of vegetables
List of woods
Plant taxonomy
Cultivated plant taxonomy
List of systems of plant taxonomy
Clades
Monophyletic
Polyphyletic
Speciation
Isolating mechanisms
Concept of species
Species problem
In alphabetical order by surname:
Aristotle
Arthur Cronquist (angiosperm evolution)
Charles Darwin (formulated modern theory of evolution)
Carl Linnaeus (father of systematics)
Gregor Mendel (father of genetics)
John Ray
G. Ledyard Stebbins (angiosperm evolution)
Theophrastus (uses and classification)
Robert Thorne (angiosperm evolution)
Gilbert White
List of Russian bota
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The presentation of tree growth and formation of wood anatomical structures, linked to the description of specific physical and mechanical properties, makes it possible to understand the different for
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propagated using the movements of humans and animals in a symbiotic relationship that is the means for seed dispersal for the one group and nutrition for the other; in fact, humans and many other animals have become dependent on fruits as a source of food.
An arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) (plural mycorrhizae, a.k.a. endomycorrhiza) is a type of mycorrhiza in which the symbiont fungus (AM fungi, or AMF) penetrates the cortical cells of the roots of a vascular plant forming arbuscules. (Not to be confused with ectomycorrhiza or ericoid mycorrhiza.) Arbuscular mycorrhizae are characterized by the formation of unique structures, arbuscules and vesicles, by Glomeromycota and Mucoromycota, sister clades of the more well-known and diverse dikaryan fungi (all three are together called "symbiomycota").
Grafting or graftage is a horticultural technique whereby tissues of plants are joined so as to continue their growth together. The upper part of the combined plant is called the scion (ˈsaɪən) while the lower part is called the rootstock. The success of this joining requires that the vascular tissues grow together. The natural equivalent of this process is inosculation. The technique is most commonly used in asexual propagation of commercially grown plants for the horticultural and agricultural trades.
Phytomorphology is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants. This is usually considered distinct from plant anatomy, which is the study of the internal structure of plants, especially at the microscopic level. Plant morphology is useful in the visual identification of plants. Recent studies in molecular biology started to investigate the molecular processes involved in determining the conservation and diversification of plant morphologies.
Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals. The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique and superior traits for a variety of applications. The most frequently addressed agricultural traits are those related to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, grain or biomass yield, end-use quality characteristics such as taste or the concentrations of specific biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibers) and ease of processing (harvesting, milling, baking, malting, blending, etc.
An organism () is any biological living system that functions as an individual life form. All organisms are composed of cells (cell theory). The idea of organism is based on the concept of minimal functional unit of life. Three traits have been proposed to play the main role in qualification as an organism: noncompartmentability – structure that cannot be divided without its functionality loss, individuality – the entity has simultaneous holding of genetic uniqueness, genetic homogeneity and autonomy, distinctness – genetic information has to maintain open-system (a cell).
This study focuses on two of the impacts of global warming (increasing temperatures and increasing vapor pressure deficit - VPD) on plants water status. Three different tree species were selected and
2020
,
Most land plants form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Diversity of AMF increases plant community productivity and plant diversity. For decades, it was known that plants trade carboh
2020
Questions Does the influence of forest edges on plant species richness and composition depend on forest management? Do forest specialists and generalists show contrasting patterns? Location Mesic, dec