Botany

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to botany: Botany – biological discipline which involves the study of plants. Bud Cell wall Chlorophyll Chloroplast Flora Flower Fruit Forest Leaf Meristem Photosynthesis Plant Plant cell Pollen Seed Seedling Spore Tree Vine Wood Branches of botany Agronomy Bryology (mosses and liverworts) Dendrology (woody plants) Ethnobotany Lichenology (lichens) Mycology (fungi) Paleobotany Palynology (spores and pollen) Phycology (algae) Phytosociology Plant anatomy Plant ecology Plant evolution Plant morphology Plant pathology Plant physiology Plant taxonomy Pteridology (ferns) History of botany History of plant systematics Algae Cyanobacteria Brown algae Charophyta Chlorophyta Desmid Diatom Red algae Green algae Bryophytes Anthocerotophyta (hornworts) Bryophyta (mosses) Marchantiophyta (liverworts) Pteridophytes Lycopodiophyta (club mosses) Pteridophyta (ferns & horsetails) Rhyniophyta (early plants) Gymnosperms Pteridospermatophyta (seed "ferns") Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Pinophyta (conifers) Angiosperms Dicotyledon Asteraceae (sunflower family) Cactaceae (cactus family) Fabaceae (legume family) Lamiaceae (mint family) Rosaceae (rose family) Monocotyledon Araceae (arum family) Arecaceae (palm family) Iridaceae (iris family) Orchidaceae (orchid family) Poaceae (grass family) List of culinary fruits List of edible seeds List of culinary herbs and spices List of culinary nuts List of vegetables List of woods Plant taxonomy Cultivated plant taxonomy List of systems of plant taxonomy Clades Monophyletic Polyphyletic Speciation Isolating mechanisms Concept of species Species problem In alphabetical order by surname: Aristotle Arthur Cronquist (angiosperm evolution) Charles Darwin (formulated modern theory of evolution) Carl Linnaeus (father of systematics) Gregor Mendel (father of genetics) John Ray G. Ledyard Stebbins (angiosperm evolution) Theophrastus (uses and classification) Robert Thorne (angiosperm evolution) Gilbert White List of Russian bota

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MSE-466: Wood structures, properties and uses

The presentation of tree growth and formation of wood anatomical structures, linked to the description of specific physical and mechanical properties, makes it possible to understand the different for

Fruit

In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propagated using the movements of humans and animals in a symbiotic relationship that is the means for seed dispersal for the one group and nutrition for the other; in fact, humans and many other animals have become dependent on fruits as a source of food.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza

An arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) (plural mycorrhizae, a.k.a. endomycorrhiza) is a type of mycorrhiza in which the symbiont fungus (AM fungi, or AMF) penetrates the cortical cells of the roots of a vascular plant forming arbuscules. (Not to be confused with ectomycorrhiza or ericoid mycorrhiza.) Arbuscular mycorrhizae are characterized by the formation of unique structures, arbuscules and vesicles, by Glomeromycota and Mucoromycota, sister clades of the more well-known and diverse dikaryan fungi (all three are together called "symbiomycota").

Grafting

Grafting or graftage is a horticultural technique whereby tissues of plants are joined so as to continue their growth together. The upper part of the combined plant is called the scion (ˈsaɪən) while the lower part is called the rootstock. The success of this joining requires that the vascular tissues grow together. The natural equivalent of this process is inosculation. The technique is most commonly used in asexual propagation of commercially grown plants for the horticultural and agricultural trades.

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Wood Species: Picea Abies MSE-466: Wood structures, properties and uses

Explores the botanical features, distribution, and uses of Picea Abies, commonly known as Norway Spruce.

Most land plants form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Diversity of AMF increases plant community productivity and plant diversity. For decades, it was known that plants trade carboh

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Disentangling the impacts of rising temperature and evaporative demand on plants water status

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This study focuses on two of the impacts of global warming (increasing temperatures and increasing vapor pressure deficit - VPD) on plants water status. Three different tree species were selected and

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Plant morphology

Phytomorphology is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants. This is usually considered distinct from plant anatomy, which is the study of the internal structure of plants, especially at the microscopic level. Plant morphology is useful in the visual identification of plants. Recent studies in molecular biology started to investigate the molecular processes involved in determining the conservation and diversification of plant morphologies.

Plant breeding

Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals. The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique and superior traits for a variety of applications. The most frequently addressed agricultural traits are those related to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, grain or biomass yield, end-use quality characteristics such as taste or the concentrations of specific biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibers) and ease of processing (harvesting, milling, baking, malting, blending, etc.

Organism

An organism () is any biological living system that functions as an individual life form. All organisms are composed of cells (cell theory). The idea of organism is based on the concept of minimal functional unit of life. Three traits have been proposed to play the main role in qualification as an organism: noncompartmentability – structure that cannot be divided without its functionality loss, individuality – the entity has simultaneous holding of genetic uniqueness, genetic homogeneity and autonomy, distinctness – genetic information has to maintain open-system (a cell).