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Concept
Politics of Georgia (country)
Summary
Politics in Georgia involve a parliamentary representative democratic republic with a multi-party system. The President of Georgia is the ceremonial head of state and the Prime Minister of Georgia is the head of government. The Prime Minister and the Government wield executive power. Legislative power is vested in both the Government and the unicameral Parliament of Georgia.
Following a brief experience with republican democracy in 1918–1921, Georgia remained a Soviet Socialist Republic from 1921 until 1991. In its first years as an independent country, Georgia's political system experienced several tumultuous crises, including a coup d'état in 1992 overthrowing President Zviad Gamsakhurdia, separatist conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and major corruption throughout the 1990s. The Rose Revolution of 2003 brought to power Mikheil Saakashvili, who implemented sweeping anti-corruption reforms. Georgian Dream defeated Saakashvili in the 2012 parliamentary election and has remained in power since then.
The Georgian state is highly centralized, except for the autonomous regions of Abkhazia and Adjara and the former autonomous region of South Ossetia. Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which had autonomy within the Georgian SSR during Soviet rule, unilaterally seceded from Georgia in the 1990s. While, , the Georgian government recognizes Abkhazia as autonomous within Georgia, it does not recognize South Ossetia as having any special status.
Tribal configurations were the dominant feature of early Georgian states, which resembled confederations of different clans more than centralized kingdoms. While in Western Georgia, various tribes came together to form proto-states like Diaokhi and Colchis, other parts of the country were ruled by individual clans led by a "mamasakhlisi" (მამასახლისი, "head of household") that controlled large swaths of land and set rules for the various families settled under his clan. The only known mamasakhlisi is Samara of Mtskheta in the 4th century BCE who was overthrown by Alexander the Great's occupation of Iberia but whose son Pharnavaz eventually created the Kingdom of Iberia.
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