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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest organelle in mammalian cells. More than 50 years ago, its morphology was already described as consisting of two major compartments: the rough ER and the smooth ER, which both fulfil precise and distinct functio ...
In order to adjust to changes in the environment, cells can communicate via signalling cascades. A common pathway for intercellular communication is the G-protein-coupled- receptor (GPCR) signal transduction cascade which is triggered by a (chemical or phy ...
Brown adipocytes regulate energy expenditure via mitochondrial uncoupling. This makes these fat cells attractive therapeutic targets to tackle the burgeoning issue of obesity, which itself is coupled to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular a ...
Drosophila leg morphogenesis occurs under the control of a relatively well-known genetic cascade, which mobilizes both cell signaling pathways and tissue-specific transcription factors. However, their cross-regulatory interactions, deployed to refine leg p ...
Cytokine signaling is responsible for coordinating conserved epithelial regeneration and immune responses in the digestive tract. In the Drosophila midgut, Upd3 is a major cytokine, which is induced in enterocytes (EC) and enteroblasts (EB) upon oral infec ...
The two major isoforms of the oncogenic Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase, p210 and p190, are expressed upon the Philadelphia chromosome translocation. p210 is the hallmark of chronic myelogenous leukemia, whereas p190 occurs in the majority of B-cell acute lymphobl ...
Adenylyl cyclase (AC) is an important messenger involved in G-protein-coupled-receptor signal transduction pathways, which is a well-known target for drug development. AC is regulated by activated stimulatory (Gαs) and inhibitory (Gαi) G proteins in the cy ...
The Notch signalling cascade is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that has a crucial role in regulating development and homeostasis in various tissues. The cellular processes and events that it controls are diverse, and continued investigation over recen ...
G proteins are part of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signal transduction cascade in which they transfer a signal from the membrane-embedded GPCR to other proteins in the cell. In the case of the inhibitory G-protein heterotrimer, permanent N-termin ...
High levels of ammonia (NH3) have been suggested to elevate ambient particle pH levels to near neutral acidity (pH = 7), a condition that promotes rapid SO2 oxidation by NO2 to form aerosol sulfate concentration consistent with "London fog" levels. This po ...