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Concept
Hadrian
Summary
Hadrian (ˈheɪdriən, ; Caesar Traianus Hadrianus ˈkae̯sar trajˈjaːnʊs (h)adriˈjaːnʊs; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born in Italica, close to modern Seville in Spain, a small Roman municipium of Hispania Baetica founded by Scipio as an Italic settlement; his branch of the Aelia gens, the Aeli Hadriani, came from the town of Hadria. Hadrian was a member of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.
Early in his career, Hadrian married Vibia Sabina, grandniece of the ruling emperor, Trajan. The marriage, and his later succession as emperor were probably promoted by Trajan's wife Pompeia Plotina. On his succession, Hadrian had four leading senators put to death. This earned him the senate's lifelong enmity. He earned further disapproval among the elite by abandoning Trajan's expansionist policies and territorial gains in Mesopotamia, Assyria, Armenia, and parts of Dacia. Hadrian preferred to invest in the development of stable, defensible borders and the unification of the empire's disparate peoples.
Hadrian travelled almost constantly throughout the empire and indulged a preference for direct intervention in imperial affairs, especially building projects. He is particularly known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Britannia. In Rome itself, he rebuilt the Pantheon and constructed the vast Temple of Venus and Roma. In Egypt, he may have rebuilt the Serapeum of Alexandria. He was an ardent admirer of Greece and sought to make Athens the cultural capital of the Empire. His intense romantic relationship with Greek youth Antinous and the latter's untimely death led Hadrian to establish a widespread, popular cult. Late in his reign, in Judaea, he suppressed the Bar Kokhba revolt.
Hadrian's last years were marred by chronic illness. He adopted Antoninus Pius in 138 and nominated him as a successor on the condition that Antoninus adopt Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus as his own heirs. Hadrian died the same year at Baiae, and Antoninus had him deified, despite opposition from the Senate.
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