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Concept
Varicocele
Summary
A varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus in the male scrotum; the female equivalent of painful swelling to the embryologically identical pampiniform venous plexus is called pelvic compression syndrome. This plexus of veins drains blood from the testicles back to the heart. The vessels originate in the abdomen and course down through the inguinal canal as part of the spermatic cord on their way to the testis. Varicoceles occur in around 15% to 20% of all men. The incidence of varicocele increase with age.
Varicocele might be noticed as soft lumps, usually above the testicle and mostly on the left side of the scrotum. Right-sided and bilateral varicocele does also occur. Men with varicocele can feel symptoms of pain or heaviness in their scrotum. Large varicoceles present as plexus of veins and may be described as a "bag of worms". Varicocele is sometimes discovered when investigating the cause of male infertility.
There are three main theories as to the anatomical cause; the first has to do with the geometry of the veins, wherein the vein on the left side connects to the larger outflowing vein at a right angle, which tends to fail; the second is that testicular valves that are supposed to prevent backflow fail (venous insufficiency) leading to swelling and compression of the valveless pampiniform plexus; the third is due to excessive pressure in upstream arteries, created by nutcracker syndrome.
Often the greatest concern with respect to varicocele is its effect on male fertility. The relationship between varicocele and infertility is unclear. Some men with the condition are fertile, some have sperm that are normal in shape and move normally but are compromised in function, and some have sperm with abnormal shapes or that do not move well. Theories as to how varicocele affects sperm function include damage via excess heat caused by the blood pooling and oxidative stress on sperm.
Tobacco smoking and mutations in the gene expressing glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 both put men at risk for infertility; these factors may also exacerbate the risk that varicocele will affect fertility.
Official source
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Ontological neighbourhood