Toothbrush | EPFL Graph Search

A toothbrush is an oral hygiene tool used to clean the teeth, gums, and tongue. It consists of a head of tightly clustered bristles, atop of which toothpaste can be applied, mounted on a handle which facilitates the cleaning of hard-to-reach areas of the mouth. They should be used in conjunction with something to clean between the teeth where the bristles of the toothbrush cannot reach - for example floss, tape or interdental brushes. They are available with different bristle textures, sizes, and forms. Most dentists recommend using a soft toothbrush since hard-bristled toothbrushes can damage tooth enamel and irritate the gums. Because many common and effective ingredients in toothpaste are harmful if swallowed in large doses and instead should be spat out, the act of brushing teeth is most often done at a sink within the kitchen or bathroom, where the brush may be rinsed off afterwards to remove any debris remaining and then dried to reduce conditions ideal for germ growth (and, if it is a wooden toothbrush, mold as well). Some toothbrushes have plant-based handles, often bamboo. However, numerous others are made of cheap plastic; such brushes constitute a significant source of pollution. Over 1 billion toothbrushes are disposed of into landfills annually in the United States alone. Bristles are commonly made of nylon (which, while not biodegradable, as plastic is, may still be recycled) or bamboo viscose. Before the invention of the toothbrush, a variety of oral hygiene measures had been used. This has been verified by excavations during which tree twigs, bird feathers, animal bones and porcupine quills were recovered. The predecessor of the toothbrush is the chew stick. Chew sticks were twigs with frayed ends used to brush the teeth while the other end was used as a toothpick. The earliest chew sticks were discovered in Sumer in southern Mesopotamia in 3500 BC, an Egyptian tomb dating from 3000 BC, and mentioned in Chinese records dating from 1600 BC.

Detangling hair using feedback-driven robotic brushing

Josephine Anna Eleanor Hughes

The brushing of hair requires a complex understanding of the interaction between soft hair fibers and the soft brushing device. It is also reliant on having both visual and tactile information. Guided by a recently developed model of soft tangled fiber bun ...

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.2021

High-throughput scanning electrochemical microscopy brushing of strongly tilted and curved surfaces

Hubert Girault, Andreas Stephan Lesch, Fernando Cortes Salazar, Dmitry Momotenko, Gunther Wittstock

The feasibility of high-throughput scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) of strongly tilted (tilt angles ≤4°) and curved substrates (diameter of curvature ≥9 cm) is demonstrated by brushing them with a soft linear array of carbon microelectrodes. This ...

Elsevier2013