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Formate (IUPAC name: methanoate) is the conjugate base of formic acid. Formate is an anion () or its derivatives such as ester of formic acid. The salts and esters are generally colorless. Fundamentals When dissolved in water, formic acid converts to formate: : Formate is a planar anion. The two oxygen atoms are equivalent and bear a partial negative charge. The remaining C-H bond is not acidic. Biochemistry : Formate is a common C-1 source in living systems. It is formed from many precursors including choline, serine, and sarcosine. It provides a C-1 source in the biosynthesis of some nucleic acids. Formate (or formic acid) is invoked as a leaving group in the demethylation of some sterols. These conversions are catalyzed by aromatase enzymes using O2 as the oxidant. Specific conversions include testosterone to estradiol and androstenedione to estrone. Formate is reversibly oxidized by the enzyme formate dehydrogenase from Desulfovibrio gigas: : Fo

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Formate as Anti-Oxidation Additives for Pb-Free FASnI(3) Perovskite Solar Cells

Jaeki Jeong, Jinhyun Kim, Jiyoun Seo

Pb-free Sn-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have significant potential for application in photovoltaic devices because oftheir suitable bandgap, low exciton binding energy, high carrier mobility, and long diffusion length. However, their performance is hampered by several issues. Sn-based perovskites are highly susceptible to oxidation, which induces a high concentration of defects and degrades the chemical stability of the perovskite crystals. Herein, the anion formate (HCOO-) can effectively suppress the oxidation of Sn in the pure formamidinium tin triiodide (FASnI(3)) perovskite without using A-site cationic additives. Moreover, the presence of formate results in a uniform pinhole-free perovskite film with a low trap density, reduced charge carrier recombination, and improved charge extraction. Density functional theory calculations show that formate-treated FASnI(3) has improved stability against oxidative Sn degradation. The formate-treated PSC achieves a power conversion efficiency of 12.11% at a high open-circuit voltage of 0.71 V. The device exhibits improved stability in ambient air in which it maintained over 80% of its initial power conversion efficiency after 180 min because oxidation is inhibited owing to the strong interaction between Sn and formate.

WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH2022

A Cation Concentration Gradient Approach to Tune the Selectivity and Activity of CO2 Electroreduction

Xile Hu, Wenhao Ren

The linear scaling relationship of the binding energies of different intermediates limits the catalyst performance in CO 2 electroreduction. Here we demonstrate a cation concentration gradient strategy to promote the activity and tune the selectivity of CO 2 electroreduction, thereby breaking the scaling relationship. In optimal concentrations of the potassium acetate (KAc) electrolyte, Cu, Ag and In catalysts deliver current densities that are 7.1, 3.2, 2.7 times higher than those obtained in 0.5 M KAc for C 2 H 4 , CO, and formate production, respectively. Increasing the concentration of KAc also changes the selectivity from CO to formate on Ag, and from CO to C 2 products on Cu. In situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and computational simulations reveal that the binding energies of intermediates are changed at different electrolyte concentrations, which is due to a local electrostatic interaction modulated by potassium cations at the electrode surface.

2022

A Viable Hydrogen Storage and Release System Based on Cesium Formate and Bicarbonate Salts: Mechanistic Insights into the Hydrogen Release Step

Andrew Francis Dalebrook, Gabor Laurenczy, Katerina Stefania Sordakis

Aqueous solutions of cesium formate and bicarbonate repre- sent an effective hydrogen storage–delivery couple that under- goes either release or take up of hydrogen in the presence of {RuCl2(mTPPTS)2}2 (TPPTS = triphenylphosphine trisulfonate) and excess mTPPTS ligand, with no other additives required. Cesium salt solutions offer the advantage of improved volu- metric and gravimetric H2 density compared to their sodium and potassium analogs, owing to their high water solubility. Details of the equilibrium between formate and bicarbonate, which constitutes an important parameter for the applicability of this H storage/release cycle, were determined. H production is readily tunable by controlling the operating pressure. This behavior was also rationalized through the identification of catalytic intermediates under various conditions. High con- centration formate and bicarbonate solutions were used during the tests and the bidirectional catalytic system could be recycled without loss of activity or replacement of solvent. A tentative mechanism is proposed for the formate dehydrogen- ation step. Among the identified hydride species, the penta- coordinated [RuH(H2O)(TPPTS)3] complex was indispensable for promoting the formate dehydrogenation reaction.

Wiley-VCH Verlag Berlin2015

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Formic acid

Formic acid (), systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid, and has the chemical formula HCOOH and structure . It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occur

Serine

Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), a carboxyl g