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In cryptography, plaintext usually means unencrypted information pending input into cryptographic algorithms, usually encryption algorithms. This usually refers to data that is transmitted or stored unencrypted. With the advent of computing, the term plaintext expanded beyond human-readable documents to mean any data, including binary files, in a form that can be viewed or used without requiring a key or other decryption device. Information—a message, document, file, etc.—if to be communicated or stored in an unencrypted form is referred to as plaintext. Plaintext is used as input to an encryption algorithm; the output is usually termed ciphertext, particularly when the algorithm is a cipher. Codetext is less often used, and almost always only when the algorithm involved is actually a code. Some systems use multiple layers of encryption, with the output of one encryption algorithm becoming "plaintext" input for the next. Insecure handling of plaintext can introduce weaknesses into a cryptosystem by letting an attacker bypass the cryptography altogether. Plaintext is vulnerable in use and in storage, whether in electronic or paper format. Physical security means the securing of information and its storage media from physical, attack—for instance by someone entering a building to access papers, storage media, or computers. Discarded material, if not disposed of securely, may be a security risk. Even shredded documents and erased magnetic media might be reconstructed with sufficient effort. If plaintext is stored in a , the storage media, the computer and its components, and all backups must be secure. Sensitive data is sometimes processed on computers whose mass storage is removable, in which case physical security of the removed disk is vital. In the case of securing a computer, useful (as opposed to handwaving) security must be physical (e.g., against burglary, brazen removal under cover of supposed repair, installation of covert monitoring devices, etc.), as well as virtual (e.g.

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Related publications (4)

This paper proposes a practical hybrid solution for combining and switching between three popular Ring-LWE-based FHE schemes: TFHE, B/FV and HEAAN. This is achieved by first mapping the different plai

WALTER DE GRUYTER GMBH2020

Misuse Attacks on Post-quantum Cryptosystems

Serge Vaudenay, Loïs Evan Huguenin-Dumittan, Fatma Betül Durak, Abdullah Talayhan, Ciprian Baetu

Many post-quantum cryptosystems which have been proposed in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISI) standardization process follow the same meta-algorithm, but in different algebras

SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG2019

Revisiting Iterated Attacks in the Context of Decorrelation Theory

Serge Vaudenay, Atefeh Mashatan, Asli Bay

Iterated attacks are comprised of iterating adversaries who can make d plaintext queries, in each iteration to compute a bit, and are trying to distinguish between a random cipher C and the perfect ci

2014

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Related lectures (37)

Text, sound, and images are examples of information sources stored in our computers and/or communicated over the Internet. How do we measure, compress, and protect the informatin they contain?

This course introduces the basics of cryptography. We review several types of cryptographic primitives, when it is safe to use them and how to select the appropriate security parameters. We detail how

This is an introductory course to computer security and privacy. Its goal is to provide students with means to reason about security and privacy problems, and provide them with tools to confront them.

Plaintext

Cryptography

Cryptography, or cryptology (from κρυπτός "hidden, secret"; and γράφειν graphein, "to write", or -λογία -logia, "study", respectively), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, information security, electrical engineering, digital signal processing, physics, and others.

Known-plaintext attack

The known-plaintext attack (KPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker has access to both the plaintext (called a crib) and its encrypted version (ciphertext). These can be used to reveal further secret information such as secret keys and code books. The term "crib" originated at Bletchley Park, the British World War II decryption operation, where it was defined as:A plain language (or code) passage of any length, usually obtained by solving one or more cipher or code messages, and occurring or believed likely to occur in a different cipher or code message, which it may provide a means of solving.

Symmetric Encryption: Formalism and Security

Explores the formalism and security aspects of symmetric encryption systems, including block ciphers, variable length encryption, and security definitions.

Introduction to Cryptography: Basics and Techniques

Introduces the basics of cryptography, covering one-time pad, perfect secrecy, and encryption techniques to ensure privacy and authenticity in communication.

Perfect Secrecy: One-time Pad

Explores perfect secrecy, the one-time pad encryption method, attacks on encryption systems, and the Vigenère cipher.