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Arctium is a genus of biennial plants commonly known as burdock, family Asteraceae. Native to Europe and Asia, several species have been widely introduced worldwide. Burdock's clinging properties, in addition to providing an excellent mechanism for seed dispersal, led to the invention of the hook and loop fastener. Plants of the genus Arctium have dark green leaves that can grow up to long. They are generally large, coarse, and ovate, with the lower ones being heart-shaped. They are woolly underneath. The leafstalks are generally hollow. Arctium species generally flower from July through October. Burdock flowers provide essential pollen and nectar for honeybees around August, when clover is on the wane and before the goldenrod starts to bloom. Burdock's clinging properties make it an excellent mechanism for seed dispersal. A large number of species have been placed in genus Arctium at one time or another, but most of them are now classified in the related genus Cousinia. The precise limits between Arctium and Cousinia are hard to define; there is an exact relation between their molecular phylogeny. The burdocks are sometimes confused with the cockleburs (genus Xanthium) and rhubarb (genus Rheum). The following species are accepted: Arctium abolinii Arctium alberti Arctium × ambiguum Arctium amplissimum Arctium anomalum Arctium arctiodes Arctium atlanticum – Algeria, Morocco Arctium aureum Arctium chloranthum Arctium dolichophyllum Arctium × dualis Arctium echinopifolium Arctium egregium Arctium elatum Arctium evidens Arctium fedtschenkoanum Arctium grandifolium Arctium haesitabundum Arctium horrescens Arctium karatavicum Arctium korolkowii Arctium korshinskyi Arctium lappa – greater burdock – much of Eurasia; naturalized in North America, Australia and New Zealand Arctium lappaceum Arctium × leiobardanum – Siberia Arctium leiospermum Arctium × maassii Arctium macilentum Arctium medians Arctium minus – lesser burdock – Europe and southwestern Asia; naturalized in North and South America, Australia and New Zealand Arctium × mixtum Arctium nemorosum Arctium nidulans Arctium × nothum – central and eastern Europe Arctium palladinii – Turkey, Iran, Caucasus Arctium pallidivirens Arctium pentacanthoides Arctium pentacanthum Arctium pseudarctium – Afghanistan, Tajikistan Arctium pterolepidum Arctium radula Arctium refractum Arctium sardaimionense – Tajikistan Arctium schmalhausenii Arctium × semiconstrictum Arctium tomentellum Arctium tomentosum – woolly burdock – northern and eastern Europe, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, Siberia, Xinjiang; naturalized in North America Arctium triflorum Arctium ugamense Arctium umbrosum Arctium vavilovii Arctium × zalewskii Circa 16th century, from bur + dock, the latter meaning sorrel of the genus Rumex.

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