July 5

328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius. 1316 – The Burgundian and Majorcan claimants of the Principality of Achaea meet in the Battle of Manolada. 1594 – Portuguese forces under the command of Pedro Lopes de Sousa begin an unsuccessful invasion of the Kingdom of Kandy during the Campaign of Danture in Sri Lanka. 1610 – John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland. 1687 – Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. 1770 – The Battle of Chesma between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire begins. 1775 – The Second Continental Congress adopts the Olive Branch Petition. 1803 – The Convention of Artlenburg is signed, leading to the French occupation of the Electorate of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king). 1807 – In Buenos Aires the local militias repel the British soldiers within the Second English Invasion. 1809 – The Battle of Wagram between the French and Austrian Empires begins. 1811 – The Venezuelan Declaration of Independence is adopted by a congress of the provinces. 1813 – War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York commence. 1814 – War of 1812: Battle of Chippawa: American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippawa, Ontario. 1833 – Lê Văn Khôi along with 27 soldiers stage a mutiny taking over the Phiên An citadel, developing into the Lê Văn Khôi revolt against Emperor Minh Mạng. 1833 – Admiral Charles Napier vanquishes the navy of the Portuguese usurper Dom Miguel at the third Battle of Cape St. Vincent. 1841 – Thomas Cook organises the first package excursion, from Leicester to Loughborough. 1852 – Frederick Douglass delivers his "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?" speech in Rochester, New York. 1859 – The United States discovers and claims Midway Atoll. 1865 – The United States Secret Service begins operation.