Concept

January 9

Summary
681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. 1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the Jin dynasty besiege and sack Bianjing (Kaifeng), the capital of the Song dynasty of China, and abduct Emperor Qinzong of Song and others, ending the Northern Song dynasty. 1349 – The Jewish population of Basel, believed by the residents to be the cause of the ongoing Black Death, is rounded up and incinerated. 1431 – The trial of Joan of Arc begins in Rouen. 1693 – 1693 Sicily earthquake: The first of two earthquakes destroys parts of Sicily and Malta. After the second quake on 11 January, the death toll is estimated at between 60,000 and 100,000 people. 1760 – Ahmad Shah Durrani defeats the Marathas in the Battle of Barari Ghat. 1787 – The nationally known image of the Black Nazarene in the Philippines was transferred from what is now Rizal Park to its present shrine in the minor basilica of Quiapo Church. This is annually commemorated through its Traslación (solemn transfer) in the streets of Manila and is attended by millions of devotees. 1788 – Connecticut becomes the fifth state to ratify the United States Constitution. 1792 – Treaty of Jassy between Russian and Ottoman Empire is signed, ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92. 1793 – Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first person to fly in a balloon in the United States. 1799 – British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger introduces an income tax of two shillings to the pound to raise funds for Great Britain's war effort in the Napoleonic Wars. 1806 – Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson receives a state funeral and is interred in St Paul's Cathedral. 1816 – Humphry Davy tests his safety lamp for miners at Hebburn Colliery. 1822 – The Portuguese prince Pedro I of Brazil decides to stay in Brazil against the orders of the Portuguese King João VI, beginning the Brazilian independence process. 1839 – The French Academy of Sciences announces the Daguerreotype photography process.
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