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The kilogram (also kilogramme) is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI), having the unit symbol kg. It is a widely used measure in science, engineering and commerce worldwide, and is often simply called a kilo colloquially. It means 'one thousand grams'. The kilogram is defined in terms of the second and the metre, both of which are based on fundamental physical constants. This allows a properly equipped metrology laboratory to calibrate a mass measurement instrument such as a Kibble balance as the primary standard to determine an exact kilogram mass. The kilogram was originally defined in 1795 during the French Revolution as the mass of one litre of water. The current definition of a kilogram agrees with this original definition to within 30 parts per million. In 1799, the platinum Kilogramme des Archives replaced it as the standard of mass. In 1889, a cylinder of platinum-iridium, the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK), became

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Design of the new METAS watt balance experiment Mark II

Reymond Clavel, Florent Cosandier

The kilogram is the last unit of the international system of units (SI) still based on a material artefact, the international prototype of the kilogram (IPK). The comparisons made in the last hundred years have clearly revealed a long-term relative drift between the IPK and the official copies kept under similar conditions at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. A promising route towards a new definition of the kilogram based on a fundamental constant is represented by the watt balance experiment which links the mass unit to the Planck constant h. For more than ten years, the Federal Institute of Metrology METAS has been actively working in the conception and development of a watt balance experiment. This paper describes the new design of the Mark II METAS watt balance. The metrological characteristics of the different components of the experiment are described and discussed.

Iop Publishing Ltd2013

A Short Synthesis of the 2-Bromo-N,9-dimethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-6-amine Building Block

Andreas Muhs, Andrea Pfeifer

A concise synthesis of pharmaceutically useful (R)-tert-butyl N-(2-bromo-9-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-pyrido [2,3-b ] indol-6-yl) -N-methylcarbamate building block 11 is described. The racemic intermediate 17 was prepared in a single step from 2-bromo-6-(1-methylhydrazinyl)pyridine sulfate salt (14) and N,3,3-trimethyl-1,5-dioxaspiro [5.5]undecan-9-amine hydrochloride salt (16). Chiral separation of racemic intermediate 17 by diasteromeric salt recrystallization afforded the diasteromeric salt 18 in 37% yield, which was Boc-protected to afford building block 11. Thus, the process for the synthesis and chiral separation by diasteromeric salt crystallization allowed the synthesis of chiral building block 11 in kilogram quantities in 18% overall yield.

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