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White is a racialized classification of people generally used for those of mostly European ancestry. It is also a skin color specifier, although the definition can vary depending on context, nationality, ethnicity, point of view, appearance, etc. Description of populations as "White" in reference to their skin color is occasionally found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient or medieval sources, but these societies did not have any notion of a White race or pan-European identity. The term "White race" or "White people", defined by their light skin among other physical characteristics, entered the major European languages in the later seventeenth century, when the concept of a "unified White" achieved greater acceptance in Europe, in the context of racialized slavery and social status in the European colonies. Scholarship on race distinguishes the modern concept from pre-modern descriptions, which focused on physical complexion rather than the idea of race. Prior to the modern e

Taxonomic Revision of Eudicella White (Coleoptera: Cetoniinae) and Iconographic Catalogue

Michele De Palma

The genus Eudicella White comprises horned cetoniines widespread in the sub-Saharan Africa. Two subgenera, Eudicella (Eudicella) White and Eudicella (Cyprolais) Thomson, compose the genus. Here, the remarkably uniform subgenus Eudicella (Eudicella) is revised based on the study of the aedeagal parameres and the re-analysis of type material. It is found that several misidentifications have been propagated in the literature over the past two centuries up to the present day. Furthermore, a number of new synonymies have emerged at the species level. The most important taxonomical changes proposed in this revision are summarized below: - A neotype is designated for E. (E.) daphnis (Buquet, 1835) and the species re-described and illustrated; - E. (E.) schultzeorum Kolbe, 1906; E. (E.) darandi Bourgoin, 1923; and E. (E.) opdebeeki Allard, 1991, are synonymised with E. (E.) daphnis; - E. (E.) bertherandi Fairmaire, 1891; E. (E.) hereroensis Kraatz, 1900; E. (E.) nyassica Kolbe, 1901; E. (E.) immaculata Heath, 1904; and the taxa previously ranked under E. (E.) “smithii” sensu Allard (nec MacLeay) are synonymised with E. (E.) euthalia (Bates, 1881); - E. (E.) euthalia is ranked to the subspecific level under E. (E.) tetraspilota Harold, 1879; - E. (E.) woermanni Kraatz, 1890 (nec Allard); E. (E.) challemeli Allard, 1985; and E. (E.) pseudowoermanni Allard, 1991, are synonymised with E. (E.) morgani (White, 1839); - E. (E.) poggei Kolbe, 1884 (nec Allard), and E. (E.) viridana Kolbe, 1884, are synonymised with E. (E.) gralli (Buquet, 1836); - E. (E.) pauperata Kolbe, 1884 (nec Allard), is re-established to designate E. (E.) woermanni sensu Allard (nec Kraatz); E. (E.) congoensis Schürhoff, 1942, is synonymised with E. (E.) pauperata. - E. (E.) smithii (MacLeay, 1838; nec Allard) is confirmed a good species; E. (E.) trilineata Quedenfeldt, 1880, is synonymised with E. (E.) smithii. Of the 22 species and ca. 50 subspecies currently included in Eudicella (Eudicella), only 14 species and 2 subspecies remain valid following this study: E. (E.) daphnis; E. (E.) tetraspilota (with ssp. tetraspilota and ssp. euthalia); E. (E.) trimeni Janson, 1884; E. (E.) morgani; E. (E.) darwiniana Kraatz, 1880; E. (E.) gralli; E. (E.) chloe Raffray, 1885; E. (E.) aethiopica Müller, 1941; E. (E.) pauperata; E. (E.) inexpectata Antoine, 1984; E. (E.) ducalis Kolbe, 1914; E. (E.) smithii; E. (E.) frontalis Westwood, 1843; and E. (E.) colmanti Braem, 1907. The known species and colour varieties of Eudicella (Eudicella) are re-described and illustrated. The aedeagal parameres of the former and current taxa are photographed and described systematically for the first time.

Natura Edizioni Scientifiche2009

Taxonomic Revision of Eudicella White (Coleoptera: Cetoniinae) and Iconographic Catalogue

Michele De Palma

Natura Edizioni Scientifiche2009