Mortality rate | EPFL Graph Search

Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time. Mortality rate is typically expressed in units of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year; thus, a mortality rate of 9.5 (out of 1,000) in a population of 1,000 would mean 9.5 deaths per year in that entire population, or 0.95% out of the total. It is distinct from "morbidity", which is either the prevalence or incidence of a disease, and also from the incidence rate (the number of newly appearing cases of the disease per unit of time). An important specific mortality rate measure is the crude death rate, which looks at mortality from all causes in a given time interval for a given population. , for instance, the CIA estimates that the crude death rate globally will be 7.7 deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year. In a generic form, mortality

Host genetic predictors of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism among treated HIV-infected Ugandans

Yunfei Huang

Objective: Plasma kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, a biomarker of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO) activity, is a strong independent predictor of mortality in HIV-infected Ugandans initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) and may play a key role in HIV pathogenesis. We performed a genome-wide study to identify potential host genetic determinants of kynurenine/tryptophan ratio in HIV-infected ART-suppressed Ugandans. Design/methods: We performed genome-wide and exome array genotyping and measured plasma kynurenine/tryptophan ratio during the initial 6-12 months of suppressive ART in Ugandans. We evaluated more than 16 million single nucleotide polymorphisms in association with log(10) kynurenine/tryptophan ratio using linear mixed models adjusted for cohort, sex, pregnancy, and ancestry. Results: Among 597 Ugandans, 62% were woman, median age was 35, median baseline CD4(+) cell count was 135 cells/mu l, and median baseline HIV-1 RNA was 5.1 log(10) copies/ml. Several polymorphisms in candidate genes TNF, IFNGR1, and TLR4 were associated with log(10) kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (P < 5.0 x 10(-5)). An intergenic polymorphism between CSPG5 and ELP6 was genome-wide significant, whereas several others exhibited suggestive associations (P < 5.0 x 10(-7)), including genes encoding protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPRM and PTPRN2) and the vitamin D metabolism gene, CYP24A1. Several of these single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with markers of inflammation, coagulation, and monocyte activation, but did not replicate in a small US cohort (N = 262; 33% African-American). Conclusion: Our findings highlight a potentially important role of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and Toll-like receptor signaling in determining IDO activity and subsequent mortality risk in HIV-infected ART-suppressed Ugandans. These results also identify potential novel pathways involved in IDO immunoregulation. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings in treated HIV-infected populations. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins2016

Descriptive and Mechanistic Modelling of Cancer Mortality

In this paper we present a mathematical model of the mortality due to different types of cancers. The observed mortality typically increases with age up to 90 years, and then decreases. The decrease in old-age is not considered in the usual models which reproduce only the increasing mortality. Our model incorporates competing risks and suggests other possibilities to explain the drop we observe in old age.

1997

A study of cancer mortality in the USA

We have at our disposal observations relating to the mortality due to different types of cancer and we wish to compare them with a theoretical model. The usual models lead to increased mortality with increasing age, instead of the drop which is observed after eighty. There are two reasons for the drop in mortality at high age. The first one is called "competing risk"; the older subjects can die from many other causes, even if they have the cancer under study. The second reason could be a protective effect in a proportion of the population.

1996

Host genetic predictors of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism among treated HIV-infected Ugandans

Yunfei Huang

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins2016