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In war, an open city is a settlement which has announced it has abandoned all defensive efforts, generally in the event of the imminent capture of the city to avoid destruction. Once a city has declared itself open, the opposing military will be expected under international law to peacefully occupy the city rather than destroy it. According to the Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions, it is forbidden for the attacking party to "attack, by any means whatsoever, non-defended localities". The intent is to protect the city's civilians and cultural landmarks from a battle which may be futile. Attacking forces do not always respect the declaration of an "open city". Defensive forces will occasionally use the designation as a political tactic as well. In some cases, the declaration of a city to be "open" is made by a side on the verge of defeat and surrender; in other cases, those making such a declaration are willing and able to fight on, but prefer that the specific city be spared. Ofte

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Building Cultures Valparaiso: pedagogy practice and poetry at the Valparaiso School of Architecture and Design

Sony Devabhaktuni, Patricia Guaita, Cornelia Dominique Tapparelli Portilla Kawamura

"'Building Cultures Valparaiso" investigates the radical approach to teaching and making at the School of Architecture and Design in Valparaiso, Chile. With newly commissioned essays from, among other, Beatriz Colomina, Ignacio Gonzalez Galán and Gerald Wildgruber and a collection of meticulously reproduced drawings from the school's archives, 'Building Cultures Valparaiso' is a resource for scholars and practicioners interested in alternative visions of architecture." "In August of 2014, students from three Swiss schools of architecture traveled to Chile where they joined colleagues from the Valparaiso School to initiate the construction of the 'Pórtico de los Huéspedes' in the Open City. The 'Pórtico de los Huéspedes' will house a research center and administrative offices as well as an assembly space for the collected students and faculty of the Valparaiso School. Over a three week period, students surveyed an area designated for the project and determined a site, tested and elaborated details through drawing, models, and 1:1 fabrication, and began the construction of the wooden frame of the project. The resulting structure - whose volume is based on Erik Gunnar Asplund's Woodland Chapel project form 1918-1929 - wil be continued, revised and amended over the course of the next four years."

EPFL Press2015

Notes on learning through building in the Open City: Body, Craft and Materiality

Raffael Baur, Patricia Guaita

The presented research project was carried out through a series of international summer workshops with the vocation of being, at the same time, atelier, construction site, training instrument, and inhabited space. It thus at once presents: an alternative experiential approach to architectural learning by means of an ongoing construction project, open to transformation; a direct relationship to site, materials, fabrication, and assembly, which draws on “low-tech” cyclical and sustainable working processes and methods; and a construction that goes beyond the practical and implicates the process of cognition in a transformative experience, where body, craft, materiality, and nature are in synergy.

Park Books2021

Toward an Open City: The Quito Papers and the New Urban Agenda

Matthew Skjonsberg

New York University2017

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