HCLTech

Summary

HCL Technologies Limited, d/b/a HCLTech (formerly Hindustan Computers Pvt. Limited), is an Indian multinational information technology (IT) services and consulting company headquartered in Noida. The founder of HCLTech is Shiv Nadar. It emerged as an independent company in 1991 when HCL entered into the software services business. The company has offices in 52 countries and over 225,944 employees. HCLTech is on the Forbes Global 2000 list. It is among the top 20 largest publicly traded companies in India with a market capitalization of 281,209 crore as of March 2022. It is one of the top Big Tech (India) companies. History Formation and early years In 1976, a group of eight engineers, all former employees of Delhi Cloth & General Mills, led by Shiv Nadar, started a company that would make personal computers. Initially floated as Microcomp Limited, Nadar and his team (which also included Arjun Malhotra, Ajai Chowdhry, D.S. Puri, Yogesh Vaidya and Subhash Arora) st

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The increase of components density in advanced microelectronics is practically dictated by the device size and the achievable pitch between the devices. Scaling down dimensions of devices and progress in the circuit design allowed following Moore's law during more than 40 years. Today the traditional scaling has reached limits when physical phenomena inherent to the nanoscale generate as many challenges and issues as the gain in performance compared to previous device generation. This work proposes another alternative to overcome the difficulty of traditional scaling and still continue to increase the integration density and with improved device performances: the vertical stacking of devices or the completion of the planar integration with an in-volume, vertical integration of multiple channels and other structures. In contrast with many other works, we investigated stacking of channel on bulk silicon substrates which will avoid the higher costs of engineered substrates like SOI. This thesis reports on the development of strategies to fabricate advanced multilevel 3D structures in bulk silicon, and their integration as stacked transistor channels. We propose some credible alternatives for the design, fabrication and characterization of a Field Effect Transistor exploiting vertically stacked channels. We investigate two main technologies: (i) silicon transformation during a high temperature annealing in hydrogen ambient, and, (ii) profile engineered trenches. We propose several design and process optimization to be able to fabricate stacked silicon structures (membranes, nanowires, Fins) that could be used as suspended transistor channels. Two original fabrication processes are presented, enabling the manufacturing of bulk silicon transistors with a matrix of stacked channels. We successfully validate the fabrication process of two level suspended Fin channel transistor. Double-stacks of nanowires stacks (promoting a new concept of stacking the stacks) are also demonstrated morphologically. Some of the fabricated structures are electrically characterized, demonstrating basic functionally of a MOSFET but also some difficult control of parasitic transistor effect. We have tried to eliminate such effects by a special design of the source and drain pads in a second integration process. The transfer, Id-Vg, and output, Id-Vd, characteristics of fabricated devices always show a transistor behavior and the extracted mobility values for n-type transistors tend to confirm that the conduction in the suspended channels dominates over the sidewall or bottom parasitic transistor. However, the presence of a parasitic transistor remains important and its elimination needs further efforts. The demonstrated 3D silicon structures in this work show the possibility to sculpture and integrate stacked channels in bulk silicon for making MOSFETs with multiple suspended channels, potentially with independently control of these channels. The morphological work carried out can also find novel applications in other silicon applications areas, like photonics, micro fluidics and Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems.

EPFL2011

Technology and urban issues: What type of development is appropriate for cities of the South?

Jean-Claude Bolay, Abigaïl-Laure Sarah Irène Kern

This paper deals with technologies, catalysts for change, and their links to development. Indeed, particularly for developing and emerging countries, scientific and technological breakthroughs create wonderful opportunities, but they may also convey risks that should not be overlooked. This leads to crucial questions on the nature of technological innovation and its capacity to fulfill the specific needs of certain societies. Thus, the issue of investing in priority sectors to guarantee more sustainable development for the benefit of all is paramount, as is the question of the stakeholders' direct or indirect involvement in this scientific, technological, and socioeconomic development process. Access to technologies is one of the last vital issues to be addressed. The paper, therefore, explores the question of the existence of exclusively urban technologies and their adaptability to city-related territorial and societal issues in emerging and developing countries and the key factors on which this adaptability will depend.

2011

Technology and cities: What type of development is appropriate for cities in the South

Jean-Claude Bolay, Abigaïl-Laure Sarah Irène Kern

This paper deals with technologies, catalysts for change, and their links to development. Indeed, particularly for developing and emerging countries, scientific and technological breakthroughs create wonderful opportunities, but they may also convey risks that should not be overlooked. This leads to crucial questions on the nature of technological innovation and its capacity to fulfill the specific needs of certain societies. Thus, the issue of investing in priority sectors to guarantee more sustainable development for the benefit of all is paramount, as is the question of the stakeholders’ direct or indirect involvement in this scientific, technological, and socioeconomic development process. Access to technologies is one of the last vital issues to be addressed. The paper, therefore, explores the question of the existence of exclusively urban technologies and their adaptability to city-related territorial and societal issues in emerging and developing countries and the key factors on which this adaptability will depend.

Editorial Milenio2012

EPFL2011