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In the geological timescale, the Tithonian is the latest age of the Late Jurassic Epoch and the uppermost stage of the Upper Jurassic Series. It spans the time between 149.2 ±0.7 Ma and 145.0 ± 4 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Kimmeridgian and followed by the Berriasian (part of the Cretaceous). The Tithonian was introduced in scientific literature by German stratigrapher Albert Oppel in 1865. The name Tithonian is unusual in geological stage names because it is derived from Greek mythology. Tithonus was the son of Laomedon of Troy and fell in love with Eos, the Greek goddess of dawn. His name was chosen by Albert Oppel for this stratigraphical stage because the Tithonian finds itself hand in hand with the dawn of the Cretaceous. The base of the Tithonian stage is at the base of the ammonite biozone of Hybonoticeras hybonotum. A global reference profile (a GSSP or golden spike) for the base of the Tithonian had in 2009 not yet been established. The top of the Tithonian stage (the base of the Berriasian Stage and the Cretaceous System) is marked by the first appearance of small globular calpionellids of the species Calpionella alpina, at the base of the Alpina Subzone . The Tithonian is often subdivided into Lower/Early, Middle and Upper/Late substages or subages. The Late Tithonian is coeval with the Portlandian Age of British stratigraphy. The Tithonian stage contains seven ammonite biozones in the Tethys domain, from top to base: zone of Durangites zone of Micracanthoceras micranthum zone of Micracanthoceras ponti or Burckardticeras peroni zone of Semiformiceras fallauxi zone of Semiformiceras semiforme zone of Semiformiceras darwini zone of Hybonoticeras hybonotum Sedimentary rocks that formed in the Tethys Ocean during the Tithonian include limestones, which preserve fossilized remains of, for example, cephalopods. The Solnhofen limestone of southern Germany, which is known for its fossils (especially Archaeopteryx), is of Tithonian age. The later part of the Tithonian stage experienced an extinction event.

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Anders Meibom, Jaroslaw Hubert Stolarski

It was argued that, in contrast to all known modern scleractinian corals that form aragonite skeletons, the original mineralogy of the Cretaceous "Coelosmilia" (ca. 70-65 Ma) was calcite during a period when the Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of the seawater was presumab ...

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Aragonitic scleractinian corals in the Cretaceous calcitic sea.

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Changes in seawater chemistry have affected the evolution of calcifying marine organisms, including their skeletal polymorph (calcite versus aragonite), which is believed to have been strongly influenced by the Mg/Ca ratio at the time these animals first e ...

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The ancient evolutionary origins of Scleractinia revealed by azooxanthellate corals

Anders Meibom, Jaroslaw Hubert Stolarski

Background: Scleractinian corals are currently a focus of major interest because of their ecological importance and the uncertain fate of coral reefs in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressure. Despite this, remarkably little is known about the evolu ...

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