Shockley–Queisser limit

Summary

In physics, the radiative efficiency limit (also known as the detailed balance limit, Shockley–Queisser limit, Shockley Queisser Efficiency Limit or SQ Limit) is the maximum theoretical efficiency of a solar cell using a single p-n junction to collect power from the cell where the only loss mechanism is radiative recombination in the solar cell. It was first calculated by William Shockley and Hans-Joachim Queisser at Shockley Semiconductor in 1961, giving a maximum efficiency of 30% at 1.1 eV. The limit is one of the most fundamental to solar energy production with photovoltaic cells, and is considered to be one of the most important contributions in the field. This first calculation used the 6000K black-body spectrum as an approximation to the solar spectrum. Subsequent calculations have used measured global solar spectra, AM 1.5, and included a back surface mirror which increases the maximum solar conversion efficiency to 33.16% for a single-junction solar cell with a bandgap of

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockley%E2%80%93Queisser_limit

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As perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are highly efficient, demonstration of high-performance printed devices becomes important. 2D/3D heterostructures have recently emerged as an attractive way to relieving the film inhomogeneity and instability in perovskite devices. In this work, a 2D/3D ensemble with 2D perovskites self-assembled atop 3D methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI(3)) via a one-step printing process is shown. A clean and flat interface is observed in the 2D/3D bilayer heterostructure for the first time. The 2D perovskite capping layer significantly suppresses nonradiative charge recombination, resulting in a marked increase in open-circuit voltage (V-OC) of the devices by up to 100 mV. An ultrahigh V-OC of 1.20 V is achieved for MAPbI(3) PSCs, corresponding to 91% of the Shockley-Queisser limit. Moreover, notable enhancement in light, thermal, and moisture stability is obtained as a result of the protective barrier of the 2D perovskites. These results suggest a viable approach for scalable fabrication of highly efficient perovskite solar cells with enhanced environmental stability.

2020

Device Performance of Emerging Photovoltaic Materials (Version 1)

Fei Guo, Tor Jesper Jacobsson, Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin, Henry Snaith

Emerging photovoltaics (PVs) focus on a variety of applications complementing large scale electricity generation. Organic, dye-sensitized, and some perovskite solar cells are considered in building integration, greenhouses, wearable, and indoor applications, thereby motivating research on flexible, transparent, semitransparent, and multi-junction PVs. Nevertheless, it can be very time consuming to find or develop an up-to-date overview of the state-of-the-art performance for these systems and applications. Two important resources for recording research cells efficiencies are the National Renewable Energy Laboratory chart and the efficiency tables compiled biannually by Martin Green and colleagues. Both publications provide an effective coverage over the established technologies, bridging research and industry. An alternative approach is proposed here summarizing the best reports in the diverse research subjects for emerging PVs. Best performance parameters are provided as a function of the photovoltaic bandgap energy for each technology and application, and are put into perspective using, e.g., the Shockley-Queisser limit. In all cases, the reported data correspond to published and/or properly described certified results, with enough details provided for prospective data reproduction. Additionally, the stability test energy yield is included as an analysis parameter among state-of-the-art emerging PVs.

WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH2020

The semiconducting hybrid-organic inorganic halide perovskites have excellent optical and electronic properties that attract the interest of scientists and researchers. Perovskite solar cells have seen the most rising-rate in the chart of solar cell efficiency from 3 to over 25% in less than ten years. In the last three years, most researchers have been focusing on the Î±-FAPbI3-based perovskite solar cells due to having a lower bandgap (1.45 eV) which is closer to the Shockley-Queisser optimum (1.1- 1.4eV) to gain high efficiency. A distinctive feature of FAPbI3 is that it is more thermally stable compared to MAPbI3. However, the Î±-FAPbI3 perovskite is not stable at room temperature as it converts to the undesirable ÎŽ-phase. The 2D- Ruddlesden-Popper-phase-doped 3D FAPbI3 enhancing the stability of the structure, albeit the bandgap is increased rendering a less optimal bandgap. The main achievement of this thesis is discovering that the doping of FAPbI3 with large alkyl ammonium moieties enhances efficiency and stability while maintaining the bandgap of pure Î±-FAPbI3 perovskite phase. I describe the resulting composition by the formula (A)xFAPbI3, where A represents the large alkyl ammonium iodide species. I study the stabilization of Î±-FAPbI3 via doping with 5-amino valeric acid hydroiodide (AVAI). By using solid-state NMR, we demonstrate the atomic-level interaction between this molecular modulator and the perovskite lattice and propose a structural model of the stabilized three-dimensional structure, further aided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We find the presence of AVAI produces highly crystalline films with large, micrometer-sized grains and enhanced charge-carrier lifetimes, as probed by transient absorption spectroscopy. Optical measurements confirm that there is no effect on the bandgap of FAPbI3 after doping. The devices based on (AVAI)0.25FAPbI3 exhibit superior operational stability in comparison with neat FAPbI3 while achieving power conversion efficiency of 19%. A similar approach based on benzylammonium iodide (BzI) has been used. The structural and optical characterization of films based on (BzI)xFAPbI3 composition demonstrate that there is no 2D phase forming under these conditions. Moreover, solid-state NMR results show BzI interacting on the atomic level with Î±-FAPbI3 by binding to the 3D perovskite through hydrogen bonding interaction and stabilizing it against the detrimental Î±-to-ÎŽ phase transition. Perovskite solar cells based on the (BzI)0.25FAPbI3composition achieve power conversion efficiencies exceeding 20%, which is accompanied by enhanced shelf-life and operational stability, maintaining 80% of the performance after one year at ambient conditions.Finally, films based on (BzI)0.25FAPbI3 compositions are further investigated upon aging under the ambient conditions, as they show an unexpected transition from black to red color without transition to expected yellow ÎŽ phase, unlike the reference FAPbI3. I perform different measurements to investigate the nature of this red phase as a function of annealing temperature compare these properties to the corresponding Ruddlesden-Popper phase (Bz2FAn-1PbnI3n+1). The red phase was found to be a mixture of a 2D phase (n = 2) Bz2FAPb2I7 and ÎŽ-FAPbI3, which acts as a barrier to the Î±-to-ÎŽ phase transition.

EPFL2021