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macOS (ˌmækoʊˈɛs; previously OS X and originally Mac OS X) is an operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers. Within the market of desktop and laptop computers, it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows and ahead of Linux (including ChromeOS). macOS succeeded the classic Mac OS, a Mac operating system with nine releases from 1984 to 1999. During this time, Apple cofounder Steve Jobs had left Apple and started another company, NeXT, developing the NeXTSTEP platform that would later be acquired by Apple to form the basis of macOS. The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0, was released on March 24, 2001. All releases from Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard and after are UNIX 03 certified, with an exception for Mac OS X 10.7 Lion. Apple's other operating systems (iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS, audioOS) are derivatives of macOS. A prominent part of macOS's original brand identity

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Ishtar: a flexible and lightweight software for remote data access

Antoine Beyeler, Alexandre Habersaat, Stéphane Magnenat

In this paper, we present Ishtar, a lightweight and versatile collection of software for remote data access and monitoring. The monitoring architecture is crucial during the development and experimentation of autonomous systems like Micro Air Vehicles. Ishtar comprises a flexible communication layer that allows enumeration, inspection and modification of data in the remote system. The protocol is designed to be robust to the data loss and corruption that typically arises with small autonomous system, while remaining efficient in its bandwidth use. In addition to the communication layer, Ishtar offers a flexible graphical software that allows to monitor the remote system, graph and log its data and display them using a completely customisable cockpit. Emphasis is put on the flexibility to allow Ishtar to be used with arbitrary platforms and experimental paradigms. The software is designed to be cross-platform (compatible with Windows, Mac OS and Linux) and cross-architecture (it is compatible with both microcontroller- and embedded-PC-based remote systems). Finally, Ishtar is open source and can therefore be extended and customised freely by the user community.

2008

Design and Characterization of a Full-Duplex Multiantenna System for WiFi Networks

Vaneet Aggarwal

In this paper, we present an experiment-and simulation-based study to evaluate the use of full duplex (FD) as a potential mode in practical IEEE 802.11 networks. To enable the study, we designed a 20-MHz multiantenna orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) FD physical layer and an FD media access control (MAC) protocol, which is backward compatible with current 802.11. Our extensive over-the-air experiments, simulations, and analysis demonstrate the following two results. First, the use of multiple antennas at the physical layer leads to a higher ergodic throughput than its hardware-equivalent multiantenna half-duplex (HD) counterparts for SNRs above the median SNR encountered in practical WiFi deployments. Second, the proposed MAC translates the physical layer rate gain into near doubling of throughput for multinode single-AP networks. The two results allow us to conclude that there are potentially significant benefits gained from including an FD mode in future WiFi standards.

Ieee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc2014

Cross-Layer Based Analysis of Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

Tarik Tabet

In this work, we revisit classical packet radio networks with a modern treatment of physical-layer (PHY) procedures, medium-access (MAC) and geographic channel-driven routing protocols. Our network model assumes that nodes are randomly distributed on the plane according to a homogeneous spatial Poisson process, using which we provide a novel representation of interference statistics resulting from packet collisions. Using this representation, we develop a cross-layer analysis methodology which allows multi-hop routing protocols to be treated using generic information-theoretic models for the underlying PHY/MAC procedures. These models inherently characterize modern procedures such as channel code rate adaptation, incremental redundancy and packet combining/capture. These models further allow for the assessment of the tradeoff between spatial throughput, measured in bit-meters per signal-space dimension, the range of each transmission and the average transmission delay. A generic formulation based on system parameters, such as system bandwidth, propagation models, etc., is given to analyze this tradeoff in an operational setting which can be used to build system simulators for such networks. Finally, from a purely PHY perspective, the results of this work show that coding and incremental retransmission provide a means for reliable communication coupled with a completely decentralized multiple-access strategy.

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