Western culture

Summary

Western culture, also known as Western civilization, Occidental culture, or Western society, refers to the diverse heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, artifacts and technologies of the Western world. The term may refer to the cultures of countries with historical ties to a European country, or number of European countries, and the variety of cultures within Europe itself. The earliest concept of Europe as a cultural sphere (instead of simply a geographic term) appeared during the Carolingian Renaissance of the 9th century, which reflected to the territories of the Western Christianity. However "European" as cultural term did not include the territories where the Orthodox Church or Islam represented the dominant religion until 19th century. Western culture originates from the mixing of Greco-Roman culture, Christian culture and Germanic culture. The expansion of Greek culture into the Hellenistic world of the eastern Med

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Le cours vise a familiariser les etudiants avec l'histoire de l'environnement et des paysages, et avec la maniere dont les preoccupations environnementales amenent a repenser aujourd'hui le sens et les principes de l'architecture et des disciplines de projet.

The seminar frames the saga of the Soviet avant-garde in the broad historical perspective traced by the modernization of Russiaâs architectural and urban cultures. The contribution of Western architects and the worldwide reception of its main concepts and designs will be given particular attention

This course will introduce students to the concept of montage as a new paradigm for the perception, experience, and representation of urban and architectural space in modernity. Pursuing an interdisciplinary approach, the class will discuss major figures and episodes of 20th century architecture.

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A Grammar of Muqarnas: Drawings of the Alhambra by Jones and Goury (1834-1845)

Ignacio Ferrer Perez-Blanco

The muqarnas of the Nasrid Alhambra stand out as one of the most singular architectural episodes o f Medieval Islamic art due to their sophisticated three-dimensional construction, whose layout remains little known. In 1834 and 1837, the architects Owen Jones and Jules Gouty visited the monument in Granada and accomplished surprising drawings thereof later published towards 1842-1845 as chromolithograph prints, which represented its architecture, ornaments, and muqarnas in a systematic way for the first time. In order to value their pioneering drawings, the historical data is briefly reviewed and several previous drawings of the Alhambra are cited. After consideration of a few questions regarding the process of data collection in Granada, a comparative analysis is presented of a cornice, a capital, an arch and a pendentive, with photos and computer-aided drawings. Thus, the principles or elementary grammar of muqarnas groupings described by these architects are highlighted, as well as the precision of their images, which resulted crucial to integrate and disseminate the architectural legacy of the Alhambra in the contemporary Western culture.

2019

Oxidative degradation and fluorescence of a non-biodegradable brightener via titania suspensions: implications for the natural cycle

Robin Humphry-Baker, Juan Kiwi, César Pulgarin

The light-induced degrdn. of Tinopal DMS-X, a stilbene type fluorescence whitening agent (FWA) which is quite resistant to biodegrdn., is described. This substance has been chosen for the study of the titania-induced degrdn. of polycyclic stilbenes since it is one of the most important compd. of its class found in a variety of washing effluents. TiO2-irradiated suspensions affected the complete mineralization within 2 h in spite of the low coverage of the TiO2 surface used during this study. Adding H2O2 as an irreversible electron acceptor shortened the degrdn. time. The influence of several reaction variables, i.e., brightener concn., type of TiO2 used, amt. of catalyst, initial pH, and gas atm., on the reaction under study is described. The influence of these parameters on the kinetics of brightener disappearance has been followed by fluorescence techniques. The mineralization taking place is reflected by the dissolved org. carbon (DOC) and the CO2 evolved during the reaction. This study shows that at relatively high concns. of brighteners (as used in this study), the 1O2 involvement during the photodegrdn. process is not meaningful. Titania is shown capable of catalyzing the photodegrdn. over many cycles without loosing its efficiency. The emission lifetime of Tinopal DMS-X was measured by monophoton counting techniques and was 3.4 ns. Lab. expts. showed that Tinopal DMS-X was not biodegradable up to 8 days and the photochem. pretreatment did not improve significantly the obsd. lack of biodegradability. Also the partially oxidized intermediates were found to be nonbiodegradable in 8 days when exposed to a non-acclimated culture. Tinopal DMS-X was effective in humic acid sensitization and the obsd. sensitization was related to the brightener concn. Exptl. observations are reported allowing to assign the energy transfer from the Tinopal DMS-X to the humic acid as proceeding via singlet mechanism.

1996

La Méthode Biographique et les Problèmes Epistémologiques de la Civilisation Occidentale [The Biographical Method and the Epistemological Problems of Western Civilization]

Matthias Finger

1984

Oxidative degradation and fluorescence of a non-biodegradable brightener via titania suspensions: implications for the natural cycle

Robin Humphry-Baker, Juan Kiwi, César Pulgarin

1996