Realism (arts)

Summary

Realism in the arts is generally the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding speculative and supernatural elements. The term is often used interchangeably with naturalism, although these terms are not synonymous. Naturalism, as an idea relating to visual representation in Western art, seeks to depict objects with the least possible amount of distortion and is tied to the development of linear perspective and illusionism in Renaissance Europe. Realism, while predicated upon naturalistic representation and a departure from the idealization of earlier academic art, often refers to a specific art historical movement that originated in France in the aftermath of the French Revolution of 1848. With artists like Gustave Courbet capitalizing on the mundane, ugly or sordid, realism was motivated by the renewed interest in the common man and the rise of leftist politics. The realist painters rejected Romanticism, which had come to dominate French lite

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The existence of solutions of the non-sliding shallow-ice-sheet equation on a flat horizontal bed with a mass balance linearly depending on altitude is proven for fixed margins. Free-margin solutions for the same mass balance do not exist. Fixed-margin solutions show unbounded shear stress and nonzero mass flux at the margin. Steady-state solutions with realistic margins, vanishing ice flux and vanishing shear stress are found numerically for ice sheets with Weertman-type sliding.

International Glaciological Society2011

We consider the problem of optimizing a novel acoustic leakage detection system for an urban water distribution network composed of a number of detectors and transponders to be placed in a choice of hydrants such as to provide a desired covering under given budget restrictions. The problem is modeled as a particular Prize Collecting Steiner Arborescence Problem. We present a branch and cut and bound approach taking advantage of the special structure at hand which performs well when compared to other approaches. Furthermore, using a suitable stopping criterion, we obtain approximations of provably excellent quality (in most cases actually optimal solutions). The test bed includes the real water distribution network from the Lausanne region as well as carefully randomly generated realistic instances.

We consider the problem of optimizing a novel acoustic leakage detection system for urban water distribution networks. The system is composed of a number of detectors and transponders to be placed in a choice of hydrants such as to provide a desired coverage under given budget restrictions. The problem is modeled as a particular Prize-Collecting Steiner Arborescence Problem. We present a branch-and-cut-and-bound approach taking advantage of the special structure at hand which performs well when compared to other approaches. Furthermore, using a suitable stopping criterion, we obtain approximations of provably excellent quality (in most cases actually optimal solutions). The test bed includes the real water distribution network from the Lausanne region, as well as carefully randomly generated realistic instances.

Springer-Verlag2010