694 – At the Seventeenth Council of Toledo, Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims, sentencing all Jews to slavery.
1277 – The Treaty of Aberconwy, a humiliating settlement forced on Llywelyn ap Gruffudd by King Edward I of England, brings a temporary end to the Welsh Wars.
1313 – Louis the Bavarian defeats his cousin Frederick I of Austria at the Battle of Gammelsdorf.
1330 – At the Battle of Posada, Basarab I of Wallachia defeats the Hungarian army of Charles I Robert.
1456 – Ulrich II, Count of Celje, last ruler of the County of Cilli, is assassinated in Belgrade.
1520 – More than 50 people are sentenced and executed in the Stockholm Bloodbath.
1620 – Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower sight land at Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
1688 – Glorious Revolution: William of Orange captures Exeter.
1720 – The synagogue of Judah HeHasid is burned down by Arab creditors, leading to the expulsion of the Ashkenazim from Jerusalem.
1729 – Spain, France and Great Britain sign the Treaty of Seville.
1780 – American Revolutionary War: In the Battle of Fishdam Ford a force of British and Loyalist troops fail in a surprise attack against the South Carolina Patriot militia under Brigadier General Thomas Sumter.
1791 – The Dublin Society of United Irishmen is founded.
1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads the Coup of 18 Brumaire ending the Directory government, and becoming First Consul of the successor Consulate Government.
1851 – Kentucky marshals abduct abolitionist minister Calvin Fairbank from Jeffersonville, Indiana, and take him to Kentucky to stand trial for helping a slave escape.
1862 – American Civil War: Union General Ambrose Burnside assumes command of the Army of the Potomac, after George B. McClellan is removed.
1867 – The Tokugawa shogunate hands back power to the Emperor of Japan, starting the Meiji Restoration.
1872 – The Great Boston Fire of 1872.
1881 – Mapuche rebels attack the fortified Chilean settlement of Temuco.
1887 – The United States receives rights to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.