November 8
960 – Battle of Andrassos: Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger score a crushing victory over the Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla. 1278 – Trần Thánh Tông, the second emperor of the Trần dynasty, decides to pass the throne to his crown prince Trần Khâm and take up the post of Retired Emperor. 1291 – The Republic of Venice enacts a law confining most of Venice's glassmaking industry to the "island of Murano". 1519 – Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with a great celebration. 1520 – Stockholm Bloodbath begins: A successful invasion of Sweden by Danish forces results in the execution of around 100 people, mostly noblemen. 1576 – Eighty Years' War: Pacification of Ghent: The States General of the Netherlands meet and unite to oppose Spanish occupation. 1602 – The Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford is opened to the public. 1605 – Robert Catesby, ringleader of the Gunpowder Plotters, is killed. 1614 – Japanese daimyō Dom Justo Takayama is exiled to the Philippines by shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu for being Christian. 1620 – The Battle of White Mountain takes place near Prague, ending in a decisive Catholic victory in only two hours. 1644 – The Shunzhi Emperor, the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, is enthroned in Beijing after the collapse of the Ming dynasty as the first Qing emperor to rule over China. 1745 – Charles Edward Stuart invades England with an army of approximately 5,000 that would later participate in the Battle of Culloden. 1837 – Mary Lyon founds Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, which later becomes Mount Holyoke College. 1861 – American Civil War: The "Trent Affair": The stops the British mail ship Trent and arrests two Confederate envoys, sparking a diplomatic crisis between the UK and US. 1889 – Montana is admitted as the 41st U.S. state. 1892 – The New Orleans general strike begins, uniting black and white American trade unionists in a successful four-day general strike action for the first time. 1895 – While experimenting with electricity, Wilhelm Röntgen discovers the X-ray.