Enabling Act of 1933

The Enabling Act of 1933 (German: Ermächtigungsgesetz), officially titled Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich (Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich), was a law that gave the German Cabinet – most importantly, the Chancellor – the powers to make and enforce laws without the involvement of the Reichstag or Weimar President Paul von Hindenburg, leading to the rise of Nazi Germany. Critically, the Enabling Act allowed the Chancellor to bypass the system of checks and balances in the government. In January 1933, Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party, was appointed as chancellor, the head of the German government. On February 27, the German parliament building — the Reichstag — caught fire. Acting as chancellor, Hitler immediately accused the communists of being the perpetrators of the fire and claimed the arson was part of a larger effort to overthrow the German government. Using this justification, Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to enact the Reichstag Fire Decree. The decree abolished most civil liberties, including the right to speak, assemble, protest, and due process. Using the decree, the Nazis declared a state of emergency and began a violent crackdown against their political enemies. As Hitler cleared the political arena of anyone willing to challenge him, he contended that the decree was insufficient and required sweeping policies that would safeguard his emerging dictatorship. Hitler submitted a proposal to the Reichstag that if passed would immediately grant all legislative powers to the cabinet and by extension Hitler. This would in effect allow Hitler's government to act without concern to the constitution. Despite outlawing the communists and repressing other opponents, the passage of the Enabling Act was not a guarantee. Hitler allied with other nationalist and conservative factions and they steamrolled over the Social Democrats in the 5 March 1933 German federal election. Germans voted in an atmosphere of extreme voter intimidation perpetrated by the Nazi Sturmabteilung (SA) militia.

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Reich

Reich (ˈraɪk; ˈʁaɪç) is a German noun whose meaning is analogous to the English word "realm"; this is not to be confused with the German adjective "reich" which means "rich". The terms Kaiserreich (literally the "realm of an emperor") and Königreich (literally the "realm of a king") are respectively used in German in reference to empires and kingdoms. The Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary indicates that in English usage, the term "the Reich" refers to "Germany during the period of Nazi control from 1933 to 1945".

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (ˈaːdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ; 20 April 1889 - 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934. During his dictatorship, he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust, the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims.

Marinus van der Lubbe

Marinus van der Lubbe (13 January 1909 – 10 January 1934) was a Dutch communist who was tried, convicted, and executed by the German Nazi regime for allegedly setting fire to the Reichstag building - the national parliament of Germany - on 27 February 1933. During his trial, the prosecution argued that van der Lubbe had acted on behalf of a wider communist conspiracy, while left-wing anti-Nazis argued that the fire was a false flag attack arranged by the Nazis themselves. Most historians agree that van der Lubbe acted alone.

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Thermal Response Tests sind in Europa, Nordamerika und Ostasien zu einem Standardverfahren zur Bestimmung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Untergrundes geworden. Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit ist ein wesentlicher Kennwert zur Auslegung von Erdwärmesonden. Zur Durchführung sind in den letzten Jahren Anlagen entwickelt worden, die durch ihre Grösse, Gewicht und Performance eine hohe Mobilität und Flexibilität gewährleisten und damit zunehmend zur Anwendung gelangen können. Bei der Interpretation von Thermal Response Tests wird traditionell die Lösung der Linienquelle genutzt, die nach hinreichend langer Messzeit eine quasi-stationäre Auswertung gestattet. Da die grundlegenden Transportgleichungen für Wärme und inkompressbilbe Flüssigkeiten die gleiche Form haben, lassen sich Analogien zur hydraulischen Testinterpretation (im Grundwasser) auch bei Thermal Response Tests heranziehen. Dieser Beitrag zeigt, ausgehend von einer Analyse des gegenwärtigen Standes von Testdurchführung und Interpretation, Möglichkeiten und Beispiele zur Adaption von Methodiken und numerischen Verfahren zu einer erweiterten Interpretation von Thermal Response Tests auf. Das Ziel der Verfahren ist dabei letztlich eine Verkürzung der Messzeiten, Flexibilisierung der thermischen Anregung durch beliebige Zeitverläufe und, wenn möglich, Gewinnung weiterer Informationen (Parameter) des zu nutzenden Untergrundes.

2006