Kunduz (kʊnduːz; ; original name: ) is a city in northern Afghanistan, the capital of Kunduz Province. The city has an estimated population of about 268,893 as of 2015, making it about the 7th-largest city of Afghanistan, and the largest city in northeastern Afghanistan. Kunduz is in the historical Tokharistan region of Bactria, near the confluence of the Kunduz River with the Khanabad River. Kunduz is linked by highways with Kabul to the south, Mazar-i-Sharif to the west, and Badakhshan to the east. Kunduz is also linked with Dushanbe in Tajikistan to the north, via the Afghan dry port of Sherkhan Bandar. This city is famous in Afghanistan for its watermelon production.
As of 2015, the land use of the city (within the municipal boundary) is largely agricultural (65.8% of total area). Residential land comprises nearly half of the 'built-up' land area (48.3%) with 29,877 dwellings. Institutional land comprises 17.9% of built-up land use, given that the airport is within the municipal boundary.
Kunduz is also sometimes spelled (romanized) as Kundûz, Qonduz, Qondûz, Konduz, Kondûz, Kondoz, or Qhunduz. The name of the city is derived from the Persian compound, kohan dež, "old/ancient fort".
Kunduz is the site of the ancient city of Drapsaka. It was a great centre of Buddhist learning and very prosperous during the 3rd century AD.
The city used to be called Aornos (οαρνο) and later Walwalij or Varvaliz, a compound of the old name Warn and λιζο. The name Kuhandiz began to be used from the Timurid time.
The Qonduz Khanate, also known as the Khanate of Kunduz, was a historical Central Asian state that existed during the late medieval and early modern periods. Situated in the region that is present-day northern Afghanistan, the Qonduz Khanate played a significant role in the socio-political landscape of the time. Its emergence, development, and ultimate decline shaped the history of the region and left a lasting impact on the cultures and societies of Central Asia.