The value-form or form of value (Wertform) is a concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy. Marx's account of the value-form is differently adopted in later forms of Marxism, in the Frankfurt School and in post-Marxism. When social labor is split up into independent enterprises and organized capitalistically, its products take the form of an ensemble of commodities of diverse types, which face one another on the market.
Production and exchange are governed by ideas and facts expressible in the forms like:
20 yards of linen are worth one coat
20 yards of linen have an equivalent in one coat
20 yards of linen = one coat
20 yards of linen cost 100Thepriceof20yardsoflinenis100
20 yards linen = 100Theformulaeaboveare′expressionsofvalue′(Wertausdruck).Worth,price,andequivalentaresaidtobeofbourgeoislife.Itemsthatenterononesideortheother,herelinen,coatanddollar,aresaidtherebytohavedifferentspecificvalue−forms.Athingmayhaveavalue−formintheimagination–e.g.inthereasoningofaweaverwhoweaves20yardsoflinenwithaviewtogettingacoat,thinking"20yardsoflinenareworthonecoat"orinafirm′sattachingpricestoitsproducts(pricesthatmayormaynotbeaccepted).(Anitemwithapricetagattachedhastherebyenteredthepriceforminimagination.)Butthingscanalsobesaidtoentertheseformsobjectively,aswhenitissimplyafactthate.g.About20yardslinenareworthonecoatThepriceof20yardsoflinenisabout100
The value-forms are social forms of a product of labor as organized asocially, privately and capitalistically. If the breakfast menu of a capitalistic restaurant chain reads:
Toast (two slices) = $1
then toast has assumed a value form as a product of capitalistically associated labor. But in a household, e.g. when feeding the children, the work of making toast – the same 'useful labor' – is associated differently. No such thought will enter the mind of the toast-maker, who will think directly of the children's needs.
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Prices of production (or "production prices"; in German Produktionspreise) is a concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy, defined as "cost-price + average profit". A production price can be thought of as a type of supply price for products; it refers to the price levels at which newly produced goods and services would have to be sold by the producers, in order to reach a normal, average profit rate on the capital invested to produce the products (not the same as the profit on the turnover).
Fictitious capital (German: fiktives Kapital) is a concept used by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy. It is introduced in chapter 25 of the third volume of Capital. Fictitious capital contrasts with what Marx calls "real capital", which is capital actually invested in physical means of production and workers, and "money capital", which is actual funds being held. The market value of fictitious capital assets (such as stocks and securities) varies according to the expected return or yield of those assets in the future, which Marx felt was only indirectly related to the growth of real production.
Abstract labour and concrete labour refer to a distinction made by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy. It refers to the difference between human labour in general as economically valuable worktime versus human labour as a particular activity that has a specific useful effect within the (capitalist) mode of production. As economically valuable worktime, human labour is spent to add value to products or assets (thereby conserving their capital value, and/or transferring value from inputs to outputs).
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