National security

National security, or national defence, is the security and defence of a sovereign state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a duty of government. Originally conceived as protection against military attack, national security is widely understood to include also non-military dimensions, such as the security from terrorism, minimization of crime, economic security, energy security, environmental security, food security, and cyber-security. Similarly, national security risks include, in addition to the actions of other nation states, action by violent non-state actors, by narcotic cartels, organized crime, by multinational corporations, and also the effects of natural disasters. Governments rely on a range of measures, including political, economic, and military power, as well as diplomacy, to safeguard the security of a nation state. They may also act to build the conditions of security regionally and internationally by reducing transnational caus

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When Stream Cipher Analysis Meets Public-Key Cryptography

Serge Vaudenay

Inspired by fast correlation attacks on stream ciphers, we present a stream cipher-like construction for a public-key cryptosystem whose security relies on two problems: finding a low-weight multiple of a given polynomial and a Hidden Correlation problem. We obtain a weakly secure public-key cryptosystem we call TCHo (as for Trapdoor Cipher, Hardware Oriented). Using the Fujisaki-Okamoto construction, we can build an hybrid cryptosystem, TCHon-FO, resistant against adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks.

Springer2006

TCHo: a Hardware-Oriented Trapdoor Cipher

Jean-Philippe Aumasson, Willi Meier, Serge Vaudenay

This paper improves the Finiasz-Vaudenay construction of TCHo, a hardware-oriented public-key cryptosystem, whose security relies in the hardness of finding a low-weight multiple of a given polynomial, and on the decoding of certain noisy cyclic linear codes. Our improvement makes it possible to decrypt in polynomial time (instead of exponential time), to directly prove semantic security (instead of one-wayness), and to achieve pretty good asymptotic performances. We further build IND-CCA secure schemes using the KEM/DEM and Fujisaki-Okamoto hybrid encryption frameworks in the random oracle model. This can encrypt an arbitrary message with an overhead of about 5 Kb in less than 15 ms, on an ASIC of about 10000 gates at 4 MHz.

Springer2007

Authenticated Encryption with Variable Stretch

Reza Reyhanitabar, Serge Vaudenay, Damian Vizár

In conventional authenticated-encryption (AE) schemes, the ciphertext expansion, a.k.a.stretch or tag length, is a constant or a parameter of the scheme that must be fixed per key. However, using variable-length tags per key can be desirable in practice or may occur as a result of a misuse. The RAE definition by Hoang, Krovetz, and Rogaway (Eurocrypt 2015), aiming at the best-possible AE security, supports variable stretch among other strong features, but achieving the RAE goal incurs a particular inefficiency: neither encryption nor decryption can be online. The problem of enhancing the well-established nonce-based AE (nAE) model and the standard schemes thereof to support variable tag lengths per key, without sacrificing any desirable functional and efficiency properties such as online encryption, has recently regained interest as evidenced by extensive discussion threads on the CFRG forum and the CAESAR competition. Yet there is a lack of formal definition for this goal. First, we show that several recently proposed heuristic measures trying to augment the known schemes by inserting the tag length into the nonce and/or associated data fail to deliver any meaningful security in this setting. Second, we provide a formal definition for the notion of nonce-based variable-stretch AE (nvAE) as a natural extension to the traditional nAE model. Then, we proceed by showing a second modular approach to formalizing the goal by combining the nAE notion and a new property we call key-equivalent separation by stretch (kess). It is proved that (after a mild adjustment to the syntax) any nAE scheme which additionally fulfills the kess property will achieve the nvAE goal. Finally, we show that the nvAE goal is efficiently and provably achievable; for instance, by simple tweaks to off-the-shelf schemes such as OCB.

Springer-Verlag Berlin2016

Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA; ˌsiː.aɪˈeɪ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United

United States

The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America and consisting of 50 states, a federal distr

National Security Agency

The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The NSA is

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