Russia

Summary

Russia (Rossiya, rɐˈsʲijə), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world by area, its vast landmass stretching over the easternmost part of Europe and the northernmost part of Asia. Russia extends across eleven time zones and shares land boundaries with fourteen countries. It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country. The country's capital and largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia's cultural centre and second-largest city. Other major urban areas in the country include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Kazan. The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow gro

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia

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L'importance de développer le potentiel économique des aéroports, en a fait de véritables morceaux de villes, sans qu'ils parviennent pour autant à s'intégrer dans l'urbanité et dans les pratiques sociales locales. Ils ne peuvent être considérés comme des lieux à part entière. En quelques sorte tous identiques, complètements déracinés de leur contexte local, ils sont le pure reflet de la mondialisation des formes d'expressions culturelles. Ils appartiennent presque totalement à l'espace globalisé des flux de personnes à travers le monde et que très peu aux lieux où ils se trouvent. Comme les hôtels internationaux ou les centres d'affaires, ils sont la plupart du temps le fruit de conceptions standardisées. Pourtant, dans un monde où la mobilité et les connectivités de toutes sortes ne cessent d'augmenter, la signification culturelle de l'aéroport est devenue apparente. Pour faire de l'aéroport un lieu, nous proposons, contrairement aux tendances actuelles qui tentent d'amener la ville à l'aéroport, d'amener l'aéroport en ville. Le terminal est détaché des pistes d'aéroport et placé au centre ville, au milieu des activités urbaines, grâce à un fastlink ferroviaire. L'élimination de la neutralité de la zone grise entre l'aéroport et le centre ville, permet une collision bénéfique d'un point de vue économique, culturel et urbain. Le terminal devient le lieu central d'échanges et d'interactions entre le global et le local. Imaginez voler à New York et sortir du terminal sur Broadway. Aujourd'hui la majorité des futurs nouveaux aéroports sont planifiés dans les 5 pays émergeants. Novosibirsk, troisième ville de Russie, située à mi-distance entre l'Europe, l'Asie et les USA, planifie un nouveau terminal international de 7 millions de passagers/an.

2007

Recent Tests of the ITER Conductors and Highlights in Nb3Sn Conductors Behavior

Pierluigi Bruzzone, Kamil Sedlák, Boris Stepanov, Rainer Wesche

The tests of the ITER Toroidal Field (TF) full length conductors (hundreds of meters, production phase IN) were started at the end of year 2012 and were performed accordingly to the firmly specified test program. The TF conductors produced by the ITER domestic agencies (European Union, Japan, Korea, and Russian Federation) passed the qualification tests to be used for the TF coil winding. The four ITER Central Solenoid (CS) conductors produced in Japan were tested in frame of supplier qualification tests in order to verify the improved design of the CS conductor operating in cyclic mode and, thus, to solve the issue of drastic performance degradation with electromagnetic cyclic loading observed earlier. The test results of the recently tested ITER conductors are summarized in this paper, and the specific features of the voltage-temperature (VT) evolution in Nb3Sn conductors during the qualification test campaigns are highlighted and compared with earlier tested conductors.

Ieee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc2014

Statistics of Test Results for the ITER Nb3Sn and NbTi Conductors in the SULTAN Facility

Pierluigi Bruzzone, Kamil Sedlák, Boris Stepanov, Rainer Wesche

The series production of Nb3Sn and NbTi cable-inconduit conductors (CICC) for the winding of various coils in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) magnet system is being completed in 2015. The tests of the ITER conductor samples are running in the SULTAN test facility in Villigen, Switzerland, in the scope of a framework contract, flanked by six bilateral agreements between IO and the Domestic Agencies (DAs) of China, EU, Korea, Japan, Russian Federation, and USA. The key acceptance parameter of the tests for the conductor samples made from the series production ITER CICCs is the current sharing temperature Tcs at the nominal operating field and current after applied electromagnetic cyclic loadings at the nominal field and sinusoidal swing of conductor current from zero to nominal one. The Tcs is defined as the maximum temperature at which the conductors operate (nominal current and field) before developing an electric field of 10 μV/m. This paper gathers the latest test results of the ITER series production CICC. The qualified conductor units will be used in the winding of the toroidal field and poloidal field coils, as well as the central solenoid. The test results for the series production conductors are compared with the results of the conductors tested at the early stages of their development. The performance variation among the suppliers and the performance evolution since the start of the conductor production are discussed as well.

Ieee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc2016