Sigmund Freud

Summary

Sigmund Freud (frɔɪd , ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885 he was appointed a docent in neuropathology and became an affiliated professor in 1902. Freud lived and worked in Vienna having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. Following the German annexation of Austria in March 1938, Freud left Austria to escape Nazi persecution. He died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939. In founding psychoanalysis, Freud developed

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Antonio Damasio's works have brought emotions into line with current trends in neuroscience. They are conceived as the addition, to a perception, of the somatic effects it has induced. Nevertheless, this continuous and relatively steady process of body perception has also led to the less-known hypothesis of the "neural self." Behind the explicit and apparently contradictory reference to William James and Sigmund Freud, there lies a common source: Theodor Meynert's conception of a "cortical self." Our aim is to enlight a stream unified around what we call here "cerebral self." The Self is thus considered as the cerebral projection or presentation of the body. The specificity of this notion is particularly highlighted by its confrontation to the closely, yet disembodied, notion of "cerebral subject.". Pour citer cette revue : Psychiatr. Sci. Hum. Neurosci. 9 (2011).

2011

The perception of a visual stimulus is strongly modulated by surrounding elements. This phenomenon, called contextual modulation, can be exemplary observed in a large number of visual illusions, e.g. in the tilt-illusion where a vertical grating appears tilted because of the context. Contextual modulation in perception is interesting because it shows that physically identical stimuli do not yield identical perceptual and neural effects. While explanations of contextual modulation are often based on local interactions within the neural machinery, recent empirical evidence casts doubt upon the explanatory value of such local approaches. This work investigates contextual modulation by measuring the performance on targets presented flanked by different contextual configurations. It was found that not the local context of the target but the global organization of the whole stimulus is the best predictor of performance. This was shown for targets presented in the fovea as well as in the periphery. These findings strongly contradict explanations based on local interactions between the target and the flankers. The results are interpreted on a level of perceptual organization as evidence for a grouping account of contextual modulation: The stronger targets and flankers are perceptually grouped, the stronger do the flankers interfere with target perception (and the weaker is performance). Furthermore, it is proposed that contextual modulation can be used as a quantitative measure to investigate the rules governing grouping of elements into meaningful wholes.

EPFL2010

Gestalt Factors Modulate Basic Spatial Vision

Michael Herzog, Bilge Sayim

Human perception of a stimulus varies depending on the context in which the stimulus is presented. Such contextual modulation has often been explained by two basic neural mechanisms: lateral inhibition and spatial pooling. In the present study, we presented observers with a vernier stimulus flanked by single lines; observers' ability to discriminate the offset direction of the vernier stimulus deteriorated in accordance with both explanations. However, when the flanking lines were part of a geometric shape (i.e., a good Gestalt), this deterioration strongly diminished. These findings cannot be explained by lateral inhibition or spatial pooling. It seems that Gestalt factors play an important role in contextual modulation. We propose that contextual modulation can be used as a quantitative measure to investigate the rules governing the grouping of elements into meaningful wholes.

2010