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Concept
Pharyngealization
Summary
Pharyngealization is a secondary articulation of consonants or vowels by which the pharynx or epiglottis is constricted during the articulation of the sound.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pharyngealization can be indicated by one of two methods:
A tilde or swung dash (IPA Number 428) is written through the base letter (typographic overstrike). It is the older and more generic symbol. It indicates velarization, uvularization or pharyngealization, as in [ᵶ], the guttural equivalent of [z].
The symbol ʕ (IPA Number 423) – a superscript variant of ⟨ʕ⟩, the voiced pharyngeal approximant – is written after the base letter. It indicates specifically a pharyngealized consonant, as in [tʕ], a pharyngealized [t].
Since Unicode 1.1, there have been two similar superscript characters: IPA ʕ (U+02E4 ) and Semiticist ˁ (U+02C1 ). U+02E4 is formally a superscript ʕ (U+0295 , = reversed glottal stop), and in the Unicode charts looks like a simple superscript ʕ, though in some fonts it looks like a superscript reversed lower-case letter glottal stop ɂ. U+02C1 is a typographic alternative to (U+02BF ); which is used to transliterate the Semitic consonant ayin and which = reversed , which itself transliterates the glottal Semitic consonants aleph and hamza. In the Unicode charts U+02C1 looks like a reversed ˀ (U+02C0 ), which is used in the IPA for glottalization. There is no parallel Unicode distinction for modifier glottal stop. The IPA Handbook lists U+02E4 as the Unicode equivalent of IPA Number 423, the dedicated IPA symbol for pharyngealization.
The superimposed tilde is assigned Unicode character U+0334. This was originally intended to combine with other letters to represent pharyngealization. However, that usage is now deprecated (though still functional), and several precomposed letters have been adopted to replace it. These are the labial consonants ᵱ ᵬ ᵮ ᵯ and the coronal consonants ᵵ ᵭ ᵴ ᵶ ᵰ ᵲ ᵳ ɫ.
Ubykh, an extinct Northwest Caucasian language spoken in Russia and Turkey, used pharyngealization in 14 pharyngealized consonants.
Official source
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