Brazil

Summary

Brazil (Brasil; bɾaˈziw), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in South America and in Latin America. Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populous city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the only country in the Americas to have Portuguese as an official language. It is one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world, and the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other countries and territories in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers roughly half of the continent's land area. Its Amazon basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, an

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil

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Miguel Nicolelis, un scientifique de renommée mondiale dans le domaine des neurosciences, voit dans la science et la recherche un moteur de progrès économique et social. Il souhaite ainsi créer un réseau de cités scientifiques novateur à travers les régions les plus pauvres du Brésil, chacune spécialisée dans un domaine scientifique ou technologique différent. Il convainc en 2003 le Gouvernement et l'Education de le soutenir dans sa quête: construire un complexe scientifique et éducatif à vocation internationale. Le rêve commence ainsi à Natal, modeste capitale du Rio Grande do Norte dans le Nordeste. Région défavorisée économiquement et socialement, elle est stratégiquement équidistante des trois continents. C'est ici que la City of Brain naît, dans l'espoir de prouver au monde qu'un projet scientifique peut devenir un modèle capable de résoudre les enjeux économiques et sociaux de certaines régions sous-développées. Jamais auparavant un projet n'avait consacré autant d'attention à l'éducation. C'est en cet effort précis que le modèle de Natal puise ses forces. Eduquer pour briser les clivages; éduquer pour stimuler l'esprit d'entreprise; éduquer pour montrer au monde que la connaissance engendre la création de richesses intellectuelles et économiques. D'une capacité de 5000 étudiants, le centre de recherche et l'école de Natal sont actuellement en construction. J'ai ainsi choisi de développer un centre sportif d'un genre nouveau puisque associé à un centre de réhabilitation; il offrira une interface médicale et neurologique aux jeunes sportifs et handicapés de la région. Grâce à la neuroscience de nombreux enfants auront accès à l'éducation à Natal. Grâce à la neuroscience de nombreux hommes et femmes espèrent marcher à nouveau. Je souhaite ainsi que ces deux différentes causes soient liées dans des perspectives de progrès et de solidarité. Voir une jeunesse sensibilisée aux problèmes du handicap dans un tel contexte scientifique semble pouvoir redéfinir la place du sport dans une société brésilienne défavorisée. Il s'agit maintenant de comprendre quelles peuvent être les limites spatiales et morales entre deux programmes si différents mais pourtant tellement liés.

2012

Allometric equations for non-destructive biomass estimation of early stage sugarcane plants – Case study in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil

Hadrien Baecher

Brazil recently became the 5th world power, and with a tremendous growing of its population and the resulting needs, this country is facing challenges in providing energy to every sector of its socio-economical activity. The actual global warming concern and the inevitable decline of fossil energy resources has lead to the research and development of new renewable energy sources as well as to the improvement of the already existing ones. Historically, sugarcane occupies a prominent place among the agricultural crops in Brazil and is in a period of increasing demand. The importance of this crop for the Brazilian economy makes research and development of new varieties and new agricultural techniques a priority. This study aimed to develop a non-destructive method to assess biomass production of live sugarcane plantations at an early stage of development. It highlighted the more relevant non-destructive parameters at different stages of the crop (60, 90, 120 days after planting) to evaluate above-ground biomass by establishing multiple linear regression models. The relevance of the following parameters were established: the diameter at ground level and the dimensions of the leaf F(0). The study was first carried out considering sugarcane as a species and then by comparing equations for five different sugarcane genotypes (varieties). It also assessed the feasibility of developing allometric equations that would be a useful tool to estimate root biomass from more easily measured above-ground plant parameters.

2013

Brazil Government is promoting palm plantations to use degraded land for biofuels. Palm production is expected to increase 35 per cent in future and there would be profuse biomass available that needs to be handled efficiently. Therefore, in this study the potential of EFB from Brazil as raw material for biorefinery was explored by compositional analysis and pretreatment conditions optimization to produce ethanol and co-products. EFB from Brazil contains significant cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and low ash content. The optimized dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment conditions for efficient cellulose and hemicellulose separation were 160 degrees C temperature, 1.025% v/v acid concentration, 10.5 min and 20% solid loading. Under optimum pretreatment process conditions, low enzyme loading (10 FPU, 20 IU cellulase and glucosidase enzyme/g glucan) and 15% solid loading, 51.1 g ethanol, 344.1 g solid residue (65% lignin and 24.87 MJ/kg LHV) and 3.7 l xylose rich liquid could be produced per kg dry EFB. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Elsevier2014

2012