Bulgaria

Summary

Bulgaria (bʌlˈɡɛəriə,_bʊl-; България), officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river Bulgaria is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south. Bulgaria covers a territory of , and is the sixteenth-largest country in Europe. Sofia is the nation's capital and largest city; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas. One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture, which dates back to 6,500 BC. In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for ancient Thracians, Persians, Celts and Macedonians; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45. After the Roman state splintered, tribal invasions in the region resumed. Around the 6th century, these territories were settled by the early Slavs. The Bulgars, led by Asparuh, attacked from the lands of Old Great Bu

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria

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Trilogie. Un ensemble urbain intermodal dans la ville de Varna, Bulgarie

Ognyan Ivanov

Pour affirmer son statut de station balnéaire internationale et de centre économique régional, Varna – la deuxième ville de Bulgarie – prévoit la construction de nouvelles infrastructures modales qui l'inscrivent dans les réseaux européens et intercontinentaux. Selon le plan directeur, celles-ci se placeront sur des points stratégiques de l'agglomération, notamment sur les terrains de l'ancien port, bientôt délocalisé. De manière globale, le projet cherche à assurer la continuité du partage modal entre la pluralité des transports présents: ferroviaire, routier et maritime, et ainsi créer un noeud de communication efficace et attractif. Pour cela, il devient nécessaire d'assurer la qualité spatiale au niveau urbain, ainsi que de produire des images fortes, grâce à la mise en concurrence des trois gares. En effet, elles cherchent à devenir un support de diversification urbaine, des vrais condensateurs sociaux, où la mobilité et ses activités inhérentes créent ce signal puissant tant nécessaire à la genèse du renouveau urbain. Créer des compatibilités urbaines, en désignant les différentes gares comme ressource principale, relève la mise en place de typologies hybrides qui garantissent leur réussite socio-économique. Plus précisément, des programmes culturels, d'hébergement, de commerces et bureaux, se mélangent avec les fonctions primaires liées au voyage et produisent une variété spatiale et une richesse programmatique, qui mettent en dialogue l'ensemble construit avec l'environnement urbain.

2016

Patterns of bryophyte and vascular plant richness in European subalpine springs

Alexandre Buttler, Lucia Sekulova

The diversity of spring habitats can be determined not only by local environmental conditions, but also by large-scale biogeographical effects. The effects can differ across various groups of organisms. We compared alpha-, beta- and gamma-diversity patterns of bryophytes and vascular plants of (sub)alpine springs in three contrasting mountain ranges: Alps (Switzerland), Balkans (Bulgaria), Western Carpathians (Slovakia, Poland). We used univariate and multivariate statistics to test for the effects of pH, conductivity, altitude, slope, mean annual temperature and annual precipitation on diversity patterns of both taxonomic groups and compared diversity patterns among the regions for particular pH and conductivity classes. We identified acidophyte and basiphyte, calcifuge and calcicole species using species response modelling. All regions displayed significant relationship between conductivity and alpha-diversity of vascular plants. Bulgaria showed the highest alpha-diversity of vascular plants for the middle part of the conductivity gradient. For both taxonomic groups, the beta-diversity in the middle part of gradient was highest in Swiss Alps. The total species pool was lowest in Bulgaria. The percentage of basiphyte and calcicole species was highest in the Alps. In (sub)alpine springs, mineral richness was a better determinant of vascular plant alpha-diversity than pH, and the extent of the alpine area did not coincide with alpha-diversity. Observed inter-regional differences in diversity patterns could be explained by the different proportion of limestone bedrock and different biogeographic history. The differences in alpha-diversity between both taxonomic groups are presumably result of the different rates of adaptation processes.

Springer Netherlands2012

Turkey has been allowing immigrants from the early years of the republic. Most immigrants were from Greece due to the nation building policies after Lausanne Peace Agreement of 1923, forced to displacement through population exchanges between Turkey and Greece. However, the immigrants were mostly from Bulgaria after the Second World War, forced to displacement based on ideological and political tensions between the Bulgarian and Turkish governments within the two-poled world system. The displacement of the Bulgarian immigrants continued at intervals through mutual opening and closing of borders during the Cold War, but 1950 and 1989 are of significant importance in scenarios of domesticity. The Turkish Government initiated two different housing programs for settling the Bulgarian immigrants in Turkey after 1950 and 1989. Both programs were performed as part of ideological dispositions against communism whereas they differed in socio-spatial tools of integrating immigrants to their new homes. The former settlement program was assisted by the financial and technical assistance programs of the Marshall Plan whereas the latter was performed by a national institution called as the Migrant Housing Administration, which was founded as a branch of the Mass Housing Administration to perform planning, design and construction of migrant housing. The experiences of 1950 and 1989 share a top-down policy in the application of few housing types in all regions regardless of local characteristics of populations, but differ in terms of socio-spatial policies as well as settlement morphologies and housing typologies. The former program was headed towards rural settlement in single-family housing blocks of vernacular characteristics whereas the latter was focused on urban/suburban settlement in low-cost and standardized multi-family housing blocks. In this regard, this presentation aims to discuss public housing experiences of both periods via discursive formations in socio-spatial practices of settling and home-making by comparative analysis of multiple cases.

2019