Human variability

Summary

Human variability, or human variation, is the range of possible values for any characteristic, physical or mental, of human beings. Frequently debated areas of variability include cognitive ability, personality, physical appearance (body shape, skin color, etc.) and immunology. Variability is partly heritable and partly acquired (nature vs. nurture debate). As the human species exhibits sexual dimorphism, many traits show significant variation not just between populations but also between the sexes. Sources of human variability Human variability is attributed to a combination of environmental and genetic sources including: For the genetic variables listed above, few of the traits characterizing human variability are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance. Most are polygenic or are determined by a complex combination of genetics and environment. Many genetic differences (polymorphisms) have little effect on health or reproductive success but help to distinguish

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_variability

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Relationships between key functional traits of the waterlily Nuphar lutea and wetland nutrient content

Little attention has been paid to how aquatic habitat characteristics affect the traits of plant species. Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. is a keystone species distributed across temperate regions of Europe, northwest Africa and western Asia. Its apparently low phenotypic variability compared to other aquatic plants led us to test whether the species exhibited significant phenotypic variability and whether trait values correlated to environmental parameters. The hypotheses were that (1) the environmental variation within our set of wetlands (both water and sediment characteristics) led to significant variation among four sets of traits related respectively to growth, reproduction, defence and storage and (2) that nutrient limitation (nitrogen and especially phosphorus) should affect plant traits towards a higher investment in storage and defence and a lower investment in growth and reproduction, thereby negatively affecting the success of N. lutea. To test these hypotheses, 11 populations of N. lutea were sampled in wetlands differing in physicochemical characteristics and spread along three rivers. A total of 15 traits, grouped into four sets (growth, reproduction, storage and defence), were measured during the growing season. Most N. lutea traits were related to the environmental characteristics of wetlands. The growth and reproduction traits were mostly positively related to habitat resource conditions, whereas the defence traits were positively correlated with both ammonium concentration and temperature, outlining possible anoxic stress (habitat adversity). Nitrogen or phosphorus limitation led to the variation of only a few traits: the rhizome starch content was higher in phosphorus-limited wetlands, while the rhizome length and volume, and the number of flowers were higher in nitrogen-limited wetlands.

2019

Sensory characterization of perfumery raw materials and perfumes: individual sensitivity, trigeminal components and attentional effect

Pauline Lederrey

2014

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Interindividual functional and structural brain variability is a major problem in group studies, in which very focal activations are expected. Architectonic studies have shown that the human primary auditory area, which is located with a great constancy on Heschl's gyrus, is surrounded by several nonprimary auditory areas with surface areas of 40-310 mm(2). The small size of the latter makes them only partially accessible to fMRI group studies, because of imprecision in realignment when using currently available registration procedures. We describe here a new method for sulcal realignment using a non-rigid local landmark-based registration and show its application to the registration of fMRI acquisitions on the supratemporal plane. After an affine global voxel-based registration, which transforms all brains into the same standard space, we propose a non-rigid local landmark-based registration method based on thin-plate splines for matching the two sulci delimiting Heschl's gyrus of a given brain to the corresponding sulci of a reference brain. We show here that, in comparison with global affine and non-rigid approaches, our method leads in group studies to i) a much more precise alignment of Heschl's gyrus; and ii) a putatively optimal superposition of functionally corresponding areas on and around Heschl's gyrus. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2009