January 1 - The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony in the Horn of Africa.
January 2
The steamship Persia is wrecked off Corsica; 130 lives are lost.
Alice Sanger becomes the first female staffer in the White House.
January 11 – 1890 British Ultimatum: The United Kingdom demands Portugal withdraw its forces from the land between the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola (most of present-day Zimbabwe and Zambia).
January 15 – Ballet The Sleeping Beauty, with music by Tchaikovsky, is premiered at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia.
January 25
The United Mine Workers of America is founded.
American journalist Nellie Bly completes her round-the-world journey in 72 days.
February 5 – The worldwide insurance and financial service brand Allianz is founded in Berlin, Germany.
February 9 – The Weather Bureau is established within the United States Department of Agriculture.
February 17 (possible date) – The British steamship Duburg is wrecked in the South China Sea; 400 lives are lost.
February 24 – Chicago is selected to host the Columbian Exposition.
March 1 - The British steamship Quetia founders in the Torres Straits; 124 lives are lost.
March 3 – The first American football game in Ohio State University history is played in Delaware, Ohio, against Ohio Wesleyan.
March 4 – The Forth Bridge, across the Firth of Forth in Scotland, is opened to rail traffic.
March 8 – North Dakota State University is founded in Fargo.
March 17 – The first railway in Transvaal, the Randtram, opens between Boksburg and Braamfontein in Johannesburg.
March 20 – Kaiser Wilhelm II dismisses Otto von Bismarck.
March 27
March 1890 middle Mississippi Valley tornado outbreak: 24 significant tornadoes are spawned by one system, killing at least 146 people.
Preston North End retain the English Football League Championship, winning their final game at Notts County
March 28 – Washington State University is founded in Pullman.
April 2 – Kashihara Shrine, a landmark spot in Nara Prefecture, Japan, is officially built by Emperor Mutsuhito (Emperor of Meiji).
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48 BC – Caesar's Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt. 378 – Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens is defeated by the Visigoths. Valens is killed along with over half of his army. 1173 – Construction of the campanile of the Cathedral of Pisa (now known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa) begins; it will take two centuries to complete. 1329 – Quilon, the first Indian Christian Diocese, is erected by Pope John XXII; the French-born Jordanus is appointed the first Bishop.
527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. 1081 – Alexios I Komnenos overthrows the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates, and, after his troops spend three days extensively looting Constantinople, is formally crowned on April 4. 1572 – In the Eighty Years' War, the Watergeuzen capture Brielle from the Seventeen Provinces, gaining the first foothold on land for what would become the Dutch Republic.
74 BC – A group of officials, led by the Western Han minister Huo Guang, present articles of impeachment against the new emperor, Liu He, to the imperial regent, Empress Dowager Shangguan. 29 BC – Octavian holds the second of three consecutive triumphs in Rome to celebrate the victory over the Dalmatian tribes. 1040 – King Duncan I is killed in battle against his first cousin and rival Macbeth. The latter succeeds him as King of Scotland.