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Concept
1866 in science
Summary
The year 1866 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
May – William Huggins studies the emission spectrum of a nova and discovers that it is surrounded by a cloud of hydrogen.
June 4 – Pluto (not known at this time) reaches its only aphelion between 1618 and 2113.
Giovanni Schiaparelli realizes that meteor streams occur when the Earth passes through the orbit of a comet that has left debris along its path.
Gregor Mendel publishes his laws of inheritance.
Ernst Haeckel challenges the plant/animal division of life, observing that single celled organisms, the protists, do not fit into either category.
Élie Metchnikoff describes the early separation of "polecells" (progenital cells) in parthenogenetic Diptera.
Robert John Lechmere Guppy discovers the guppy (fish) in Trinidad.
Frederick Smith first discovers Formica candida in the Bournemouth district of England, describing it as Formica gagates.
Nikolai Kaufman publishes his Moscow Flora.
Dynamite invented by Alfred Nobel.
August von Hofmann proposes the now standard system of hydrocarbon nomenclature and invents the Hofmann voltameter.
Emil Erlenmeyer proposes that naphthalene has a structure of two fused benzene rings.
January 26 – Volcanic eruption in the Santorini caldera begins.
The second smallest pair of amicable numbers (1184, 1210) is discovered by teenager B. Nicolò I. Paganini.
February 21 – Lucy Hobbs Taylor becomes the world's first woman to receive a doctorate from a dental college (Ohio College of Dental Surgery).
July – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson opens the St Mary's Dispensary in London where women can seek medical advice from exclusively female practitioners.
Max Schultze discovers two sorts of 'receptors' in the retina.
Dr John Langdon Down publishes his theory that different types of mental condition can be classified by ethnic characteristics, notably "Mongolism", the genetic developmental disability now known as Down syndrome.
Invention of a clinical thermometer by Thomas Clifford Allbutt.
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