KalamʿIlm al-kalām (عِلْم الكَلام, literally "science of discourse"), usually foreshortened to kalām and sometimes called "Islamic scholastic theology" or "speculative theology", generally speaking, is the philosophical study of Islamic doctrine (aqa'id). It was born out of the need to establish and defend the tenets of the Islamic faith against the philosophical doubters. However, this picture has been increasingly questioned by scholarship that attempts to show that kalām was in fact a demonstrative rather than a dialectical science and was always intellectually creative.
MaturidismMāturīdism or Māturīdī theology (الماتريدية: al-Māturīdiyyah) is one of the main Sunnī schools of Islamic theology, developed and codified by the Persian Muslim scholar, Ḥanafī jurist, reformer (mujaddid), and scholastic theologian Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī in the 9th–10th century. Al-Māturīdī codified and systematized the theological Islamic beliefs already present among the Ḥanafite Muslim theologians of Balkh and Transoxiana under one school of systematic theology (kalām); he emphasized the use of rationality and theological rationalism regarding the interpretation of the sacred scriptures of Islam.
MawlidMawlid (مَولِد) is the Islamic observation of the day when the Islamic prophet Muhammad was born. It is commemorated in Rabi' al-Awwal, the third month in the Islamic calendar. It is considered to be 12 Rabi' al-Awwal by most Sunnis, though most Shias consider 17 Rabi' al-Awwal to be the date. Mawlid's origins are disputed in the Islamic world. It was either introduced by the Abbasids or the Fatimids. The first public festival was started by the Muslim general Gökböri in 1207.
MuftiA Mufti (ˈmʌfti; مفتي) is an Islamic jurist qualified to issue a nonbinding opinion (fatwa) on a point of Islamic law (sharia). The act of issuing fatwas is called iftāʾ. Muftis and their fatwas played an important role throughout Islamic history, taking on new roles in the modern era. Tracing its origins to the Quran and early Islamic communities, the practice of ifta crystallized with the emergence of the traditional legal theory and schools of Islamic jurisprudence (madhahib).
Ash'arismAshʿarism or Ashʿarī theology (æʃəˈriː; الأشعرية: al-ʾAshʿarīyah) is one of the main Sunnī schools of Islamic theology, founded by the Arab Muslim scholar, Shāfiʿī jurist, reformer (mujaddid), and scholastic theologian Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī in the 9th–10th century. It established an orthodox guideline based on scriptural authority, rationality, and theological rationalism. Al-Ashʿarī established a middle way between the doctrines of the Atharī and Muʿtazila schools of Islamic theology, based both on reliance on the sacred scriptures of Islam and theological rationalism concerning the agency and attributes of God.
AtharismAtharism or Atharī theology (الأثرية: ALA-LC / DIN æl ʔæθæˈrɪj.jæ), otherwise referred to as Traditionalist theology or Scripturalist theology, is one of the main Sunni schools of Islamic theology which is more strict in adherence to the Quran and Sunnah. It emerged as a school of theology in the late 8th century CE from the scholarly circles of Ahl al-Hadith, an early Islamic religious movement that rejected the formulation of Islamic doctrine derived from rationalistic Islamic theology (kalām) in favor of strict textualism in interpreting the Quran and the ḥadīth.
Ansar al-Islam in KurdistanAnsar al-Islam in Kurdistan (ئەنسارولئیسلام له کوردستان), simply called Ansar al-Islam (ئەنسارولئیسلام), also nicknamed the Kurdish Taliban, is a Kurdish Islamist militant and separatist group. It was established in northern Iraq around the Kurdistan Region by Kurdish Islamists who were former Taliban and former Al-Qaeda members, which were coming back from Afghanistan in 2001 after the Fall of Kabul. Its motive is to establish an Islamic state around the Kurdistan region and to protect Kurdish people.
IslahIslah or Al-Islah (الإصلاح ,إصلاح, ) is an Arabic word, usually translated as "reform", in the sense of "to improve, to better, to put something into a better position, correction, correcting something and removing vice, reworking, emendation, reparation, restoration, rectitude, probability, reconciliation." It is an important term in Islam. The Islamic concept of "Islah" advocates for moral advancement through a reformation based on the rudimental standards of the Qur'an, Sunnah and is characterised by an attitude of bypassing classical legal works in preference of the literature from the early Muslim generations (Salaf al-Salih).
Ahl al-HadithAhl al-Ḥadīth (أَهْل الحَدِيث) was an Islamic school of Sunni Islam that emerged during the 12/13th Islamic centuries of the Islamic era (late 18th and 19th century CE) as a movement of hadith scholars who considered the Quran and authentic hadith to be the only authority in matters of law and creed and even allows according to layman interepration. They even encourage layman's do the interepration of Quran and Hadith from themselves that's why other group refer them as extremist in islam.
JahiliyyahJahiliyyah (جَاهِلِيَّة d͡ʒæːhɪˈlɪj.jæ, "ignorance") is an Arabic term used to refer to the opposite of Islam. It usually refers to the Age of Ignorance, the period of time and state of affairs in pre-Islamic Arabia in 610 CE. The term jahiliyyah may be derived from the verbal root jahala (جهل), "to be ignorant or stupid, to act stupidly". Alternatively, it is an abstract noun derived from jāhil, referring to barbarism. In modern times various Islamic thinkers have used the term to criticize what they see as the un-Islamic nature of public and private life in the Muslim world.
