Liquefied petroleum gas

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas) is a fuel gas which contains a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases, specifically propane, propylene, butylene, isobutane, and n-butane. LPG is used as a fuel gas in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. It is increasingly used as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant, replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to reduce damage to the ozone layer. When specifically used as a vehicle fuel, it is often referred to as autogas or even just as gas. Varieties of LPG that are bought and sold include mixes that are mostly propane (C3H8), mostly butane (C4H10), and, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane. In the northern hemisphere winter, the mixes contain more propane, while in summer, they contain more butane. In the United States, mainly two grades of LPG are sold: commercial propane and HD-5. These specifications are published by the Gas Processors Association (GPA) and the American Society of Testing and Ma

About this result

This page is automatically generated and may contain information that is not correct, complete, up-to-date, or relevant to your search query. The same applies to every other page on this website. Please make sure to verify the information with EPFL's official sources.

Related publications (14)

Related publications

Related people (3)

Related people

Related units (2)

Related units

Related concepts (73)

Related concepts

Related courses (2)

Related courses

Related lectures (2)

Related lectures

Natural gas

Natural gas (also called fossil gas, methane gas or simply gas) is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of methane in addition to various smaller amounts of

Propane

Propane (ˈproʊpeɪn) is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula . It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure, but compressible to a transportable liquid. A by-product of natural gas pro

Gasoline

Gasoline (North American English; ˈgæsəliːn) or petrol (Commonwealth English (except Canada); ˈpɛtrəl) (see ) is a transparent, slight yellowish petroleum-derived flammable liquid that is used prim

ChE-410: Catalysis for emission control and energy processes

The course is an introduction to heterogeneous catalysis for environmental protection and energy production. It focusses on catalytic exhaust gas cleaning as well as catalytic systems relevant for gaseous and liquid fuel production. The course ends with two days of experimental exercises at PSI.

PHYS-106(a): General physics : thermodynamics

Le but du cours de Physique générale est de donner à l'étudiant les notions de base nécessaires à la compréhension des phénomènes physiques. L'objectif est atteint lorsque l'étudiant est capable de prévoir quantitativement les conséquences de ces phénomènes avec des outils théoriques appropriés

Incremental Model Identification of Gas-Liquid Reaction Systems with Unsteady-State Diffusion

Benoit Till Cretegny

Identification of kinetic models and estimation of reaction and mass-transfer parameters can be performed using the extent-based identification method, whereby each chemical/physical process is treated individually. This method is used here to analyze gas-liquid systems under unsteady-state mass transfer. Such a situation is common in the case of diffusion-controlled reactions and can be modeled by the film theory. In both the gas and liquid bulks, mass-balance relations describe the species dynamics as ordinary differential equations (ODE) and serve as boundary conditions for the film. On the other hand, the dynamic accumulation in the film is described by Fick's second lay. The resulting partial differential equation (PDE) system is solved by discretization and rearrangement into ODEs. Kinetic models are assessed and the corresponding parameters are estimated using extents of reaction. The estimation of diffusion coefficients follows a tow-steps procedure. First, the extents of mass transfer are computed from measurements in the two bulks. Diffusion coefficients are then estimated individually by fitting each extent of mass transfer to the extent obtained by solving the corresponding PDE. Comparison of the estimated diffusion coefficients with their literature values serves to validate the models identified in the two bulks. The estimation of both kinetic parameters and diffusion coefficients is investigated for gas-liquid reaction systems with unsteady-state diffusion. The approach is illustrated with simulated examples.

2013

Estimation of road traffic emission factors from a long term tracer study

Luis Carlos Belalcazar Ceron, Alain Clappier, Minh Dung Ho, Erika Maria Zarate Torres

Road traffic emissions, one of the largest source categories in megacity inventories, are highly uncertain. It is essential to develop methodologies to reduce these uncertainties to manage air quality more effectively. In this paper, we propose a methodology to estimate road traffic emission factors (EFs) from a tracer experiment and from roadside pollutants measurements. We emitted continuously during about 300 non-consecutive hours a passive tracer from a finite line source placed on one site of an urban street. At the same time, we measured continuously the resulting tracer concentrations at the other side of the street with a portable on-line gas chromatograph. We used n-propane contained in commercial liquid petroleum gas (LPG) as a passive tracer. Propane offers several advantages to traditional tracers (SF6, N2O CFCs): low price, easily available, non-reactive, negligible global warming potential, and easy to detect with commercial on-line gas chromatographs.

2009

Incremental Model Identification of Gas-Liquid Reaction Systems with Unsteady-State Diffusion

Julien Léo Billeter, Dominique Bonvin, Benoit Till Cretegny, Sriniketh Srinivasan

Identification of kinetic models and estimation of reaction and mass-transfer parameters can be performed using the extent-based identification method, whereby each chemical/physical process is handled separately [1-3]. This method is used here to analyze gas-liquid systems under unsteady-state mass transfer. Such a situation is common in the case of diffusion-controlled reactions and is modeled by the film theory, that is, transferring species accumulate in a liquid film. In both the gas and liquid bulks, mass-balance relations describe the species dynamics as ordinary differential equations (ODE) and serve as boundary conditions for the film. On the other hand, the dynamic accumulation in the film is described by Fick’s second law. The resulting partial differential equation (PDE) system is solved by discretization and rearrangement in ODEs. The estimation of diffusion coefficients follows a two-steps procedure. First, the extents of mass transfer are computed from measurements in the two bulks. Diffusion coefficients are then estimated individually by fitting each extent of mass transfer to the extent obtained by solving the corresponding PDE. Comparison of the estimated diffusion coefficients with their literature values serves to validate the models identified in the two bulks. The estimation of both kinetic parameters and diffusion coefficients is investigated for gas-liquid reaction systems with unsteady-state diffusion. The approach is illustrated with simulated examples. [1] Bhatt et al, Ind. & Eng. Chem. Res. 50, 12960-12974, 2011 [2] Srinivasan et al, Chem. Eng. J. 208, 785-793, 2012 [3] Billeter et al, Anal. Chim. Acta 767, 21-34, 2013

2013