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Concept
Ahkam
Summary
Ahkam (, أحكام "rulings", plural of (حُكْم)) is an Islamic term with several meanings. In the Quran, the word hukm is variously used to mean arbitration, judgement, authority, or God's will. In the early Islamic period, the Kharijites gave it political connotations by declaring that they accept only the hukm of God (حُكْمُ اللّهِ). The word acquired new meanings in the course of Islamic history, being used to refer to worldly executive power or to a court decision.
In the plural, ahkam, it commonly refers to specific Quranic rules, or to the legal rulings derived using the methodology of fiqh. Sharia rulings fall into one of five categories known as "the five decisions" (al-aḥkām al-khamsa): mandatory (farḍ or wājib), recommended (mandūb or mustaḥabb), neutral/permissible (mubāḥ), reprehensible (makrūh), and forbidden (ḥarām).
Sharia rulings fall into one of five categories known as “the five rulings” (الأحكام الخمسة, ):
(واجب / فرض) - compulsory, obligatory
(مستحب) - recommended
(مباح) - neutral, not involving God's judgment
(مكروه) - disliked, reprehensible
(محظور / حرام) - forbidden
It is a sin or a crime to perform a forbidden action or not to perform a mandatory action. Reprehensible acts should be avoided, but they are not considered to be sinful or punishable in court. Avoiding reprehensible acts and performing recommended acts is held to be subject of reward in the afterlife, while allowed actions entail no judgement from God. Jurists disagree on whether the term ḥalāl covers the first three or the first four categories. The legal and moral verdict depends on whether the action is committed out of necessity (ḍarūra).
Fard includes salat, Hajj, Islamic funeral, and responding to As-salamu alaykum (Islamic greeting).
Mustahabb includes Sadaqah, shaving the pubic hair and armpit hair, and As-salamu alaykum.
Mubah includes, in property law, possessions without an owner.
Makruh includes divorce, profanity, consuming garlic before going to mosque, and using a lot of water for wudu.
Official source
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