Time of flight

Summary

Time of flight (ToF) is the measurement of the time taken by an object, particle or wave (be it acoustic, electromagnetic, etc.) to travel a distance through a medium. This information can then be used to measure velocity or path length, or as a way to learn about the particle or medium's properties (such as composition or flow rate). The traveling object may be detected directly (direct time of flight, dToF, e.g., via an ion detector in mass spectrometry) or indirectly (indirect time of flight, iToF, e.g., by light scattered from an object in laser doppler velocimetry). Overview In electronics, one of the earliest devices using the principle are ultrasonic distance-measuring devices, which emit an ultrasonic pulse and are able to measure the distance to a solid object based on the time taken for the wave to bounce back to the emitter. The ToF method is also used to estimate the electron mobility. Originally, it was designed for measurement of low-conductive thin films, late

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_of_flight

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The neutron time-of-flight (n_TOF) facility at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) is a pulsed white-spectrum neutron spallation source producing neutrons for two experimental areas: the Experimental Area 1 (EAR1), located 185 m horizontally from the target, and the Experimental Area 2 (EAR2), located 20 m above the target. The target, based on pure lead, is impacted by a high-intensity 20-GeV/c pulsed proton beam. The facility was conceived to study neutron-nucleus interactions for neutron kinetic energies between a few meV to several GeV, with applications of interest for nuclear astrophysics, nuclear technology, and medical research. After the second-generation target reached the end of its lifetime, the facility underwent a major upgrade during CERN's Long Shutdown 2 (LS2, 2019-2021), which included the installation of the new third-generation neutron target. The first- and second-generation targets were based on water-cooled massive lead blocks and were designed focusing on EAR1, since EAR2 was built later. The new target is cooled by nitrogen gas to avoid erosion-corrosion and contamination of cooling water with radioactive lead spallation products. Moreover, the new design is optimized also for the vertical flight path and EAR2. This paper presents an overview of the target design focused on both physics and thermomechanical performance, and includes a description of the nitrogen cooling circuit and radiation protection studies.

AMER PHYSICAL SOC2021

Multispectroscopic Study of Single Xe Clusters Using XFEL Pulses

Christoph Bostedt, Christophe Nicolas

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) deliver ultrashort coherent laser pulses in the X-ray spectral regime, enabling novel investigations into the structure of individual nanoscale samples. In this work, we demonstrate how single-shot small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements combined with fluorescence and ion time-of-flight (TOF) spectroscopy can be used to obtain size- and structure-selective evaluation of the light-matter interaction processes on the nanoscale. We recorded the SAXS images of single xenon clusters using XFEL pulses provided by the SPring-8 Angstrom compact free-electron laser (SACLA). The XFEL fluences and the radii of the clusters at the reaction point were evaluated and the ion TOF spectra and fluorescence spectra were sorted accordingly. We found that the XFEL fluence and cluster size extracted from the diffraction patterns showed a clear correlation with the fluorescence and ion TOF spectra. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the multispectroscopic approach for exploring laser–matter interaction in the X-ray regime without the influence of the size distribution of samples and the fluence distribution of the incident XFEL pulses.

2019

Mutually Coupled Time-to-Digital Converters (TDCs) for Direct Time-of-Flight (dTOF) Image Sensors

Edoardo Charbon, Preethi Padmanabhan, Augusto Ronchini Ximenes