Bretton Woods system

The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial relations among the United States, Canada, Western European countries, and Australia among 44 other countries after the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement. The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent states. The Bretton Woods system required countries to guarantee convertibility of their currencies into U.S. dollars to within 1% of fixed parity rates, with the dollar convertible to gold bullion for foreign governments and central banks at US$35 per troy ounce of fine gold (or 0.88867 gram fine gold per dollar). It also envisioned greater cooperation among countries in order to prevent future competitive devaluations, and thus established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to monitor exchange rates and lend reserve currencies to nations with balance of payments deficits. Preparing to rebuild the international

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Integrally-Attached Timber Plate Structures: From computational design to robotic construction

Nicolas Henry P Rogeau

This poster provides an overview of the challenges and achievements related to current research led at the Laboratory for Timber Constructions (IBOIS, EPFL) on the robotic assembly of Integrally-Attached Timber Plate Structures (IATPS). The poster is divided into two columns corresponding to the two main parts of the research. On the left, the “Computational Design” part summarizes the key points of the development of Manis – a collaborative design tool for IATPS that integrates fabrication and assembly constraints as well as feedback on the structural performance. On the right, the “Robotic construction” part addresses the experiments carried out to determine an optimal shape for timber joints so that they can be inserted with a robotic arm with a minimum of tolerance. Ultimately, the research aims to provide a fully automated workflow from design to construction in order to foster the adoption of this all-wood construction system by AEC stakeholders.

2022

Life cycle assessment of SNG from wood for heating, electricity, and transportation

Christian Ludwig, Bernhard Steubing

The conversion of wood to synthetic natural gas (SNG) via gasification and catalytic methanation is a renewable close to commercialization technology that could substitute fossil fuels and alleviate global warming. In order to assure that it is beneficial from the environmental perspective, a cradle to grave life cycle assessment (LCA) of SNG from a first-of-its-kind polygeneration unit for heating, electricity generation, and transportation was conducted. These SNG systems were compared to fossil and conventional wood reference systems and environmental benefits from their substitution evaluated. Finally, we conduct sensitivity analysis for expected technological improvements and factors that could decrease environmental performance.

Elsevier2011

An unload-induced direct-shear model for granular gouge friction in rock discontinuities

Xing Li, Wei Wu, Jian Zhao, Yang Zou

The experimental study introduces an unload-induced direct-shear model to investigate the frictional slip of a layer of simulated granular gouges induced by the combination of a decreasing normal stress and a constant shear stress. A frictional equilibrium state of the gouge layer is initially established under fixed normal and shear stresses. The normal stress is proposed to decrease at a constant unloading rate to induce the frictional slip of the gouge layer, and the shear stress is proposed to keep a constant value during the test. A displacement meter and load cells synchronously measure the slip displacement and the applied normal and shear stresses, respectively. The normal and shear stresses sharply decrease with the frictional slip, owing to damage of gouge contacts. The frictional slip is then gradually arrested with new formation of gouge contacts. A greater initial shear stress induces larger normal and shear stress reductions and a smaller slip displacement. The strain energy stored in the discontinuous system before the frictional slip is found to affect the slip displacement. The advantages and the limitations of this model are discussed at the end.

American Institute of Physics2014

Gold standard

A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. The gold standard was the basis for the international monetary system from

International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution, headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 190 countries. I

Foreign exchange market

The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a global decentralized or over-the-counter (OTC) market for the trading of currencies. This market determines foreign exchange rates fo

FIN-523: Global business environment

This course gives the framework and tools for understanding economic events, taking financial decisions and evaluating investment opportunities in a global economy. It builds up an integrated model of exchange rate and output determination, and explains how monetary and fiscal policies work.

AR-340: Building technology V

Technologie du Bâti V aborde le bâtiment comme un système d'opérations techniques et culturelles invoquant des choix liés à l'environnement, au matériau, à la structure, et au montage. L'objectif du cours est d'amener les étudiants à acquérir des compétences sur la conception critique du bâtiment.