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Concept
Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
Summary
The Second Intermediate Period dates from 1700 to 1550 BC. It marks a period when ancient Egypt was divided into smaller dynasties for a second time, between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom. The Second Intermediate Period generally includes the 13th through to the 17th dynasties. The concept of a "Second Intermediate Period" originated in the twentieth century by Egyptologists from the United Kingdom.
It is best known as the period when the Hyksos people of West Asia established the 15th Dynasty and ruled from Avaris, which, according to Manetho's Aegyptiaca, was founded by a king by the name of Salitis.
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
The 12th Dynasty of Egypt came to an end at the end of the 19th century BC with the death of queen Sobekneferu (1806–1802 BC). Apparently she had no heirs, causing the 12th Dynasty to come to a sudden end, and, with it, the Golden Age of the Middle Kingdom; it was succeeded by the much weaker 13th Dynasty. Retaining the seat of the 12th Dynasty, the 13th Dynasty ruled from Itjtawy ("Seizer-of-the-Two-Lands") for most of its existence, switching to Thebes in the far south possibly since the reign of Merneferre Ay.
The dynasties that ruled during the Second Intermediate Period were the 13th through to the 17th dynasties.
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Retaining the seat of the 12th Dynasty, the 13th Dynasty(c. 1773 – 1650 BC). Ruled from Itjtawy ("Seizer-of-the-Two-Lands") for most of its existence, switching to Thebes in the far south possibly since the reign of Merneferre Ay. According to the Syncellus, all three sources of the king list of Africanus, Eusebius, and the Armenian of Eusebius that the 13th dynasty had sixty kings rules that lived in Dioplus for roughly 453 years. The first king was Sobekhotep I even though it was led to believe that the first two kings were the sons of Amenemhat IV. Though the 13th Dynasty may have controlled Upper Egypt, the 14th Dynasty was already ruling Lower Egypt, but both houses agreed to co-exist with one another with allowing trade between both.
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