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A storm drain, storm sewer (United Kingdom, U.S. and Canada), surface water drain/sewer (United Kingdom), or stormwater drain (Australia and New Zealand) is infrastructure designed to drain excess rain and ground water from impervious surfaces such as paved streets, car parks, parking lots, footpaths, sidewalks, and roofs. Storm drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to large municipal systems. Drains receive water from street gutters on most motorways, freeways and other busy roads, as well as towns in areas with heavy rainfall that leads to flooding, and coastal towns with regular storms. Even gutters from houses and buildings can connect to the storm drain. Many storm drainage systems are gravity sewers that drain untreated storm water into rivers or streams—so it is unacceptable to pour hazardous substances into the drains. Storm drains sometimes cannot manage the quantity of rain that falls in heavy rains or storms. Inundated drains can cause basement and stre

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Junction chamber at vortex drop shaft: case study of Cossonay

Gaetano Crispino, David Dorthe, Thierry Fuchsmann, Corrado Gisonni, Michael Pfister

The drainage network of the city of Cossonay (Switzerland) is currently being adapted for future needs. In particular, it is required to drain increased storm discharges due to a population augmentation and to provide an adequate concept to overcome unfavorable geotechnical conditions. Vortex drop shafts are sewer manholes commonly applied in steep urbanized topographies to connect conduits across large elevation differences. In Cossonay, the existing 48 m high vortex drop shaft, with a diameter of 1.5 m, allowed the storm discharge to flow from the city to a watercourse issued at half of the valley height. The discharge capacity was initially assumed as 4.1 m3/s, but frequent pulsations and choking phenomena implied a reduced effective capacity of around 3.0 m3/s. A new planned vortex drop shaft will collect the supercritical inflows of four collectors in the old City Centre and spill them through a shaft of roughly 120 m height, restituting the flow at the valley bottom. It was pre-designed using FLOW-3D simulations to estimate the hydraulic features of the incoming flows and to predict the hydraulic behavior of the upper elements (before the water enters the shaft). The simulation thus included a novel junction chamber type and a steep inlet channel before the spiral intake. The numerical simulations provided a first layout of the structure that was then validated by physical model tests. The physical model was built at the Laboratory of Hydraulic Constructions (LCH) of École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL).

2016

Modelling the Influence of Inlet-Levels Storage Devices on The Stormwater Sewer System in the City of Esperanza

Peter Gatenby

2011

Tumor-associated factors are enriched in lymphatic exudate compared to plasma in metastatic melanoma patients

Natacha Anne-Sophie Bordry, Maria Anna Sofia Broggi, Patricia Corthésy Henrioud, Davide Demurtas, Romain Hamelin, Alexandre Harari, Léa Maillat, Lambert Charles François Potin, Melody Swartz

Liquid biopsies allow monitoring of cancer progression and detection of relapse, but reliable biomarkers in melanoma are lacking. Because secreted factors preferentially drain to lymphatic vessels before dilution in the blood, we hypothesized that lymph should be vastly enriched in cancer biomarkers. We characterized postoperative lymphatic exudate and plasma of metastatic melanoma patients after lymphadenectomy and found a dramatic enrichment in lymphatic exudate of tumor-derived factors and especially extracellular vesicles containing melanoma-associated proteins and miRNAs, with unique protein signatures reflecting early versus advanced metastatic spread. Furthermore, lymphatic exudate was enriched in memory T cells, including tumor-reactive CD137(+) and stem cell-like types. In mice, lymph vessels were the major route of extracellular vesicle transport from tumors to the systemic circulation. We suggest that lymphatic exudate provides a rich source of tumor-derived factors for enabling the discovery of novel biomarkers that may reflect disease stage and therapeutic response.

ROCKEFELLER UNIV PRESS2019

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