Nototheniidae

In some scientific literature, the term "cod icefish" is used to identify members of this family. This should not be confused with the term "icefish," which refers to the "white-blooded" fishes of the family Channichthyidae. See Icefish (disambiguation). Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes, is a family of ray-finned fishes, part of the suborder Notothenioidei which is traditionally placed within the order Perciformes. They are largely found in the Southern Ocean. Nototheniidae was described as a family in 1861 by the German-born British ichthyologist Albert Günther with the type genus being Notothenia which had been described in 1844 by Sir John Richardson with the species Notothenia coriiceps which Richardson had also described in 1844 subsequently being designated as the type in 1862 by Theodore Nicholas Gill. The name Notothenia means “coming from the south”, a reference to the Antarctic distribution of the genus. They are traditionally placed in the order Perciformes together with their relatives, Actual phylogenetic relationships among species of suborder Notothenioidei have not yet been determined with certainty. The following subfamilies and genera are classified within the family Nototheniidae: Pleuragrammatinae Andersen & Hureau 1979 Aethotaxis H. H. DeWitt, 1962 Dissostichus Smitt, 1898 Gvozdarus Balushkin, 1989 Pleuragramma Balushkin, 1982 Nototheniinae Günther 1861 Gobionotothen Balushkin, 1976 Lepidonotothen Balushkin, 1976 Lindbergichthys Balushkin, 1979 Notothenia Richardson, 1844 Nototheniops Balushkin, 1976 Paranotothenia Balushkin, 1976 Patagonotothen Balushkin, 1976 Trematominae Balushkin,1982 Cryothenia Daniels, 1981 Pagothenia Nichols & La Monte, 1936 Trematomus Boulenger, 1902 These subfamilies are not recognised in the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World. Nototheniidae fishes have fusiform or elongate and oblong bodies. They typically have two dorsal fins, the first having 3 to 11 spines and the second having 25-42 segmented fin rays. The anal fin is similar to the second dorsal fin and has 22 to 40 segmented rays.

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Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the world ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica. With a size of , it is regarded as the second-smallest of the five principal oceanic divisions: smaller than the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean. Since the 1980s, the Southern Ocean has been subject to rapid climate change, which has led to changes in the marine ecosystem.

Antarctic toothfish

The Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) is a large, black or brown fish found in very cold (subzero) waters of the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. It is the largest fish in the Southern Ocean, feeding on shrimp and smaller fish, and preyed on by whales, orcas, and seals. It is caught for food and marketed as Chilean sea bass together with its sister species, the more northerly Patagonian toothfish (D. eliginoides). Often mistakenly called "Antarctic cod," the Antarctic toothfish belongs to the notothen family (Nototheniidae), a group of fish species abundant near Antarctica.

Notothenioidei

Notothenioidei is one of 19 suborders of the order Perciformes. The group is found mainly in Antarctic and Subantarctic waters, with some species ranging north to southern Australia and southern South America. Notothenioids constitute approximately 90% of the fish biomass in the continental shelf waters surrounding Antarctica. The Southern Ocean has supported fish habitats for 400 million years; however, modern notothenioids likely appeared sometime after the Eocene epoch.