Rational series

In mathematics and computer science, a rational series is a generalisation of the concept of formal power series over a ring to the case when the basic algebraic structure is no longer a ring but a semiring, and the indeterminates adjoined are not assumed to commute. They can be regarded as algebraic expressions of a formal language over a finite alphabet. Let R be a semiring and A a finite alphabet. A non-commutative polynomial over A is a finite formal sum of words over A. They form a semiring . A formal series is a R-valued function c, on the free monoid A*, which may be written as The set of formal series is denoted and becomes a semiring under the operations A non-commutative polynomial thus corresponds to a function c on A* of finite support. In the case when R is a ring, then this is the Magnus ring over R. If L is a language over A, regarded as a subset of A* we can form the characteristic series of L as the formal series corresponding to the characteristic function of L. In one can define an operation of iteration expressed as and formalised as The rational operations are the addition and multiplication of formal series, together with iteration.