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Concept
March 1st Movement
Summary
The March 1st Movement, also known as the Sam-il (3-1) Movement (), was a significant protest movement in early 1919 by Korean people that called for independence from Imperial Japan and a stop to the forced assimilation into Japanese culture. It is also sometimes referred to as the Man-se Demonstrations (). It is remembered as one of the earliest and largest protest movements for Korean independence, and remembered as a catalyst for future independence activities. Thirty-three Korean cultural and religious leaders issued a proclamation, supported by thousands of students and civilians in Seoul. There were over 1000 demonstrations in many other cities. These were brutally suppressed, with Korean historian Park Eun-sik reporting about 7,500 killed and 16,000 wounded, and 46,000 arrested.
Korea eventually achieved independence decades later after the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II. Today, March 1st is celebrated as a national holiday in South Korea, but not in North Korea.
Korea under Japanese rule
The Samil Movement arose in reaction to the repressive nature of colonial occupation under the de facto military rule of the Japanese Empire following 1910, and was inspired by the "Fourteen Points" outlining the right of national "self-determination", which was proclaimed by President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1918. After hearing news of Wilson's speech, Korean students studying in Tokyo published the February 8 Declaration of Independence in 1919.
Former Emperor Gojong died on January 21, 1919. There was widespread suspicion that he had been poisoned, which was thought credible since previous attempts (the "coffee plot") by Kim Hong-nuik, the former Russian interpreter of the Russian Legation, were well-known.
At 2 p.m. on March 1, 1919, 33 activists who formed the core of the Samil Movement convened at the Taehwagwan restaurant in Seoul. There, they read out loud the Korean Declaration of Independence, which had been written up by historian Choe Nam-seon.
Official source
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