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Shingles, also known as zoster or herpes zoster, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a localized area. Typically the rash occurs in a single, wide mark either on the left or right side of the body or face. Two to four days before the rash occurs there may be tingling or local pain in the area. Other common symptoms are fever, headache, and tiredness. The rash usually heals within two to four weeks; however, some people develop ongoing nerve pain which can last for months or years, a condition called postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). In those with poor immune function the rash may occur widely. If the rash involves the eye, vision loss may occur. Shingles is caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV) that also causes chickenpox. In the case of chickenpox, also called varicella, the initial infection with the virus typically occurs during childhood or adolescence. Once the chickenpox has resolved, the virus can remain dormant (inactive) in human nerve cells (dorsal root ganglia or cranial nerves) for years or decades, after which it may reactivate. Shingles results when the dormant varicella virus is reactivated. The virus then travels along nerve bodies to nerve endings in the skin, producing blisters. During an outbreak of shingles, exposure to the varicella virus found in shingles blisters can cause chickenpox in someone who has not yet had chickenpox, although that person will not suffer from shingles, at least on the first infection. How the virus remains dormant in the body or subsequently re-activates is not well understood. The disease has been recognized since ancient times. Risk factors for reactivation of the dormant virus include old age, poor immune function, and having contracted chickenpox before 18 months of age. Diagnosis is typically based on the signs and symptoms presented. Varicella zoster virus is not the same as herpes simplex virus, although they belong to the same family of herpesviruses. Shingles vaccines reduce the risk of shingles by 50% to 90%, depending on the vaccine used.

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Herpes simplex is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Infections are categorized based on the part of the body infected. Oral herpes involves the face or mouth. It may result in small blisters in groups often called cold sores or fever blisters or may just cause a sore throat. Genital herpes, often simply known as herpes, involves the genitalia. It may have minimal symptoms or form blisters that break open and result in small ulcers. These typically heal over two to four weeks.

Shingles

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Design and automated fabrication scenario for a wood shingle-based envelope system

Aymeric Thierry Damien Broyet

The building cultures of regions where plant resources abound show the adaptation of these local bio-based materials to the roofing of buildings: thatch, reed, bark or shingles. Despite a low environmental impact, these techniques require skilled manual work and remain unused compared to mainstream industrialised solutions based on terracotta, metal sheets or bituminous products. The emergence of digital tools capable of appreciating and manipulating objects with variable characteristics creates an opportunity for developing partially automated construction techniques by capitalising on pre-existing know-how. In particular, a type of wood shingle known as tavillon in Romandy, Switzerland is the primary object of this study. The objective is to describe and validate an entire construction scenario based on automation tools. The research plan paving the way for scenario implementation is another deliverable. We first carry out a state of the art of traditional tavillon technique before translating those rules into an algorithm. This instruction set is implemented in a parametric geometric model to design such roofs. Towards automation, the geometrical variability of the shingles makes it necessary to specify the model to these individual variations. A field study then demonstrates benefits from the automated installation are secured when framed into an industrial context, leading to the investigation of a panel-based prefabrication scenario.

2021

Explores viral infection dynamics, including acute, latent, and persistent infections with examples like Rhinovirus and Herpes Simplex.

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Covers the explicit computations of nerves of categories and geometric realisations of simplicial sets.