ISO/IEC 8859-15

ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 15: Latin alphabet No. 9, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1999. It is informally referred to as Latin-9 (and for a while Latin-0). It is similar to ISO 8859-1, and thus also intended for “Western European” languages, but replaces some less common symbols with the euro sign and some letters that were deemed necessary: This encoding is by far most used, close to half the use, by German, though this is the least used encoding for German. ISO-8859-15 is the IANA preferred charset name for this standard when supplemented with the C0 and C1 control codes from ISO/IEC 6429. Microsoft has assigned code page 28605 a.k.a. Windows-28605 to ISO-8859-15. IBM has assigned code page 923 (CCSID 923) to ISO 8859-15. All the printable characters from both ISO/IEC 8859-1 and ISO/IEC 8859-15 are also found in Windows-1252. Since October 2016, less than 0.1% (actually currently less than 0.02%) of all web sites use ISO-8859-15. The identifier ISO 8859-15 was proposed for the Sami languages in 1996, which was eventually rejected, but was passed as ISO-IR 197. A proposal called ISO 8859-0 was made in 1997, to replace 4 unused or rarely used ISO 8859-1 characters (, , , and ) with , , , and . became necessary when the euro was introduced. and are French ligatures, and is needed so that French text can be converted from lower-case to all-caps and back again without loss. Ironically, the last three had already been present in DEC's Multinational Character Set (MCS) in 1983, a character set from which ECMA-94 (1985) and ISO-8859-1 (1987) were derived. Since their original codepoints were now occupied by other characters, less logical codepoints had to be chosen for their reintroduction. The same proposal also recommended replacing 6 more characters (, , , , , ) with "some other characters to cover a maximum of languages". For the euro sign, some wanted to replace the plus–minus sign instead of the currency sign.

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Windows-1252

Windows-1252 or CP-1252 (code page 1252) is a single-byte character encoding of the Latin alphabet (with additions) that was used by default in Microsoft Windows for English and many Romance and Germanic languages including Spanish, Portuguese, French, and German (though missing uppercase ẞ). This character-encoding scheme is used throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa. All modern operating systems, including Windows, now use Unicode code points and text encodings by default, which are portable across all of the world's major languages.

Mojibake

Mojibake (文字化け; mod͡ʑibake, "character transformation") is the garbled text that is the result of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding. The result is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, often from a different writing system. This display may include the generic replacement character ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement can also involve multiple consecutive symbols, as viewed in one encoding, when the same binary code constitutes one symbol in the other encoding.

In German orthography, the letter ß (lowercase), called Eszett (ɛsˈtsɛt) and scharfes S (ˌʃaʁfəs ˈʔɛs, "sharp S"), represents the s phoneme in Standard German when following long vowels and diphthongs. The letter-name Eszett combines the names of the letters of (Es) and (Zett) in German. The character's Unicode names in English are sharp s and eszett. The Eszett letter is used only in German, and can be typographically replaced with the double-s digraph , if the ß-character is unavailable.

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